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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients

From: The association of prior hospitalization with clinical outcomes among patients admitted with pneumonia: a propensity score matching study

Characteristics

Overall series

Propensity score-matched pairs

PHAP (n = 97)

CAP (n = 607)

P value

D

PHAP (n = 88)

CAP (n = 88)

P value

D

Age, years

72 (65–78)

71 (58–79)

0.315

0.022

72 (65–69)

72 (64–81)

0.666

0.038

Male

64 (65.9)

358 (58.9)

0.191

0.165

55 (62.5)

59 (67.0)

0.528

0.109

Aspiration tendencya

22 (22.6)

106 (17.4)

0.216

0.180

20 (22.7)

21 (23.9)

0.858

0.035

Tube feeding

4 (4.1)

8 (1.3)

0.070

0.675

4 (4.5)

5 (5.7)

1.000

0.129

Comorbidity

 Malignancyb

36 (37.1)

90 (14.8)

< 0.001

0.673

27 (30.7)

31 (35.2)

0.521

0.113

 Chronic liver diseasec

5 (5.1)

36 (5.9)

0.762

0.082

4 (4.5)

4 (4.5)

1.000

0

 Chronic heart diseased

26 (26.8)

79 (13.0)

< 0.001

0.494

22 (25.0)

17 (19.3)

0.364

0.182

 Chronic kidney diseasee

7 (7.2)

64 (10.5)

0.312

0.229

7 (8.0)

9 (10.2)

0.600

0.152

 Diabetes mellitusf

31 (31.9)

125 (20.5)

0.012

0.328

27 (30.7)

30 (34.1)

0.629

0.085

 Chronic respiratory diseaseg

42 (43.2)

153 (25.2)

< 0.001

0.451

38 (43.2)

33 (37.5)

0.442

0.130

 Central nervous system disordersh

19 (19.5)

100 (16.4)

0.447

0.116

19 (21.6)

20 (22.7)

0.856

0.036

 Two or more comorbidities

45 (46.3)

193 (31.7)

0.005

0.341

40 (45.5)

36 (40.9)

0.543

0.102

Clinical parameters

 Body temperature (°C)

37.5 (36.8–38.2)

37.5 (36.9–38.3)

0.943

0.044

37.5 (36.8–38.2)

37.7 (37.1–38.3)

0.442

0.054

 Altered mental statei

10 (10.3)

36 (5.9)

0.105

0.331

8 (18.1)

7 (8.0)

0.787

0.080

 Respiratory failurej

52 (53.6)

161 (26.5)

< 0.001

0.642

43 (48.9)

42 (47.7)

0.880

0.025

 Sepsis or septic shock at onsetk

21 (21.6)

63 (10.3)

0.001

0.479

16 (18.2)

18 (20.5)

0.703

0.080

 Intensive care unit admission

19 (19.5)

66 (10.8)

0.014

0.381

16 (18.2)

13 (14.8)

0.542

0.137

 Need for ventilation

5 (5.1)

43 (7.0)

0.484

0.119

5 (5.7)

4 (4.5)

1.000

0.129

Radiological findings

 Multi-lobar involvement

43 (44.3)

271 (44.6)

0.954

0.007

37 (42.0)

36 (40.9)

0.878

0.025

 Pleural effusion

18 (18.5)

115 (18.9)

0.928

0.014

16 (18.2)

14 (15.9)

0.688

0.088

Initial antibiotics

 CAP targeted therapy

57 (58.8)

526 (86.7)

< 0.001

0.836

57 (64.8)

61 (69.3)

0.521

0.113

 HAP targeted therapy

40 (41.2)

81 (13.3)

< 0.001

0.836

31 (35.2)

27 (30.7)

0.521

0.113

Laboratory findings

 White blood cells (/mm3)

11,400 (7100-15,850)

10,600 (7900-14,500)

0.712

0.116

12,100 (7525-16,175)

12,400 (9225-15,850)

0.270

0.017

 C-reactive protein (mg/dl)

9.1 (4.1–17.0)

9.8 (4.0–17.0)

0.698

0.034

8.4 (3.9–16.1)

9.8 (4.0–17.1)

0.644

0.045

Indices for disease severity

 PSI score

120 (91–137)

89 (67–117)

< 0.001

0.647

113 (87–134)

114 (92–140)

0.492

0.129

  1. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%)
  2. CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CURB-65, Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age ≥ 65; D, standardized mean difference; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PHAP, prior hospitalization associated with pneumonia; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index;
  3. aAspiration tendency was defined as having factors predisposing a patient to aspiration, such as a bed-ridden state, central nervous system or oropharyngeal disorders (e.g., malignancy), gastroesophageal disorders (e.g., esophageal diverticulum, achalasia, systemic sclerosis, esophageal cancer, severe reflux esophagitis, or post-gastrectomy), Levin tube inserted state, and subjective and/or observed aspiration/choking/dysphagia/vomiting episode
  4. bMalignancy included active at the time of presentation or requiring anticancer treatment within the previous five years
  5. cChronic liver disease included pre-existing viral or toxic hepatopathy at the time of pneumonia diagnosis
  6. dChronic heart disease was identified based on past history or administration of diuretics for treatment of heart disease
  7. eChronic kidney disease included pre-existing renal disease with documented abnormal serum creatinine levels
  8. fDiabetes mellitus included a history of diagnosis of intolerance to glucose, hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% or treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin
  9. gChronic respiratory disease included simple chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and structural lung diseases such as bronchiectasis and interstitial lung diseases
  10. hCentral nervous system disorders included acute or chronic vascular or nonvascular encephalopathy with or without dementia
  11. iAltered mental state was defined as Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 13 documented by the physician
  12. jRespiratory failure was defined when PaO2 was 60 mmHg or less or when PaO2/FiO2 ratio was 300 mmHg or less
  13. kSepsis was defined as organ dysfunction identified as an acute change in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ≥ 2 consequent to pneumonia. Septic shock was defined as sepsis with persisting hypotension requiring vasopressors to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥ 65 mmHg and having a serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) despite adequate volume resuscitation