Table 2 Factors associated with lymphedema and hydrocele
Characteristics | Control (N = 52) | Cases (N = 52) | OR (95%CI) | P-value (Fisher’s exact) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 52 (100%) | 40 (76.92%) | 1.00 |  |
 Divorced | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.85%) | Inf (0.233 – Inf) | 0.197 |
 Never married | 0 (0%) | 10 (19.23%) | Inf (2.68 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
Occupational level | ||||
 Unskilled | 31 (59.61%) | 44 (84.61%) | 1.00 |  |
 No work | 7 (13.46%) | 5 (9.62%) | 0.51 (0.12–2.05) | 0.351 |
 Skilled | 14 (26.92%) | 3 (5.77%) | 0.15 (0.03–0.62) | 0.002 |
Educational level | ||||
 Primary education | 18 (34.62%) | 26 (50%) | 1.00 |  |
 No formal education | 1 (1.92%) | 9 (17.31%) | 6.07 (0.73–287.58) | 0.079 |
 Secondary education | 18 (34.61%) | 13 (25%) | 0.50 (0.17–1.40) | 0.165 |
 Tertiary education | 13 (25%) | 4 (7.69%) | 0.22 (0.04–0.86) | 0.021 |
 Post graduate education | 2 (3.84%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0.00–4.04) | 0.184 |
Mobility | ||||
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 20 (38.46%) | 1.00 |  |
 Mild problem | 0 (0%) | 13 (25.00%) | Inf (6.89 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
 Moderate problem | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.77%) | Inf (0.98 – Inf) | 0.026 |
 Severe problem | 0 (0%) | 16 (30.77%) | Inf (8.69 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
Self-care | ||||
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 35 (67%) | 1.00 |  |
 Difficulty in self-care | 0 (0%) | 7 (13.46%) | Inf (1.97 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
 Only essential needs are met | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.77%) | Inf (0.58 – Inf) | 0.072 |
 Require someone to help for care | 0 (0%) | 6 (11.54%) | Inf (1.61 – Inf) | 0.006 |
 Unable to take care of self | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.92%) | Inf (0.37 – Inf) | 0.41 |
Usual activity | ||||
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 38 (73.08%) | 1.00 |  |
 Usual activity performed with difficulty | 0 (0%) | 9 (17.31%) | Inf (2.48 – Inf) | 0.001 |
 Only essential activities performed | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.69%) | Inf (0.85 – Inf) | 0.037 |
 No activity at all | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.92%) | Inf (0.34 – Inf) | 0.429 |
Pain and discomfort | ||||
 No pain | 40 (76.92%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.00 |  |
 Mild pain, without self-treatment | 9 (17.31%) | 20 (38.46%) | 81.27 (10.58–3678.40) | < 0.001 |
 Mild pain, with self-treatment | 1 (1.92%) | 7 (13.46%) | 174.16 (11.83–11,241.6) | < 0.001 |
 Compelled to rest due to pain | 0 (0%) | 24 (46.15%) | Inf (75.48 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
 Consult doctor and total rest | 2 (3.85%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0.00–789.64) | 1 |
Pain frequency | ||||
 No pain | 40 (76.92%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.00 |  |
 Weekly | 2 (3.85%) | 14 (26.92%) | 133.14 (11.72–7481.31) | < 0.001 |
 Monthly | 2 (3.85%) | 9 (17.31%) | 108.53 (14.14–4876.50) | < 0.001 |
 Daily | 8 (15.38%) | 24 (46.15%) | 206.92 (19.38–10,808.72) | < 0.001 |
 Constant | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.69%) | Inf (9.55 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
Pain severity | ||||
 No pain | 40 (76.92%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.00 |  |
 Mild | 9 (17.31%) | 3 (5.77%) | 12.44 (0.89–713.07) | 0.032 |
 Medium | 1 (1.92%) | 18 (34.61%) | 434.47 (34.52–16,384.00) | < 0.001 |
 Severe | 2 (3.85%) | 30 (57.69%) | 439.78 (43.96–16,384.00) | < 0.001 |
Cognition | ||||
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 46 (88.46%) | 1.00 |  |
 Reduced concentration, memory affected | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.69%) | Inf (0.70 – Inf) | 0.054 |
 Loss of concentration | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | Inf (0.20 – Inf) | 0.228 |
Anxiety | ||||
 No anxiety | 52 (100%) | 6 (11.54%) | 1.00 |  |
 Does not interfere with performance | 0 (0%) | 9 (17.31%) | Inf (12.27 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
 Leads to low performance and irritating tendency | 0 (0%) | 22 (42.31%) | Inf (33.17 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
 No performance and total detachment | 0 (0%) | 13 (25%) | Inf (18.69 – Inf) | < 0.001 |
 Suicidal tendency | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.85%) | Inf (1.31 – Inf) | 0.016 |
Sleep problems | ||||
 No sleep problem | 42 (76.92%) | 22 (42.31%) | 1.00 |  |
 Sleep problem rarely | 10 (23.08%) | 9 (17.31%) | 1.7 (0.53–5.48) | 0.418 |
 Sleep problem occasionally | 0 (0%) | 8 (15.39%) | Inf (2.87 – Inf) | 0.001 |
 Sleep problem often | 0 (0%) | 6 (11.53%) | Inf (2.00 – Inf) | 0.003 |
 Cannot sleep most nights | 0 (0%) | 7 (13.46%) | Inf (2.43 – Inf) | 0.001 |
Social participation | ||||
 No problem with social participation | 51 (98.08%) | 26 (50%) | 1.00 |  |
 Avoid social activities as far as possible | 1 (1.92%) | 19 (36.54%) | 36.05 (5.18–1564.69) | < 0.001 |
 Total avoidance of social activities | 0 (0%) | 7 (13.46%) | Inf (2.55 – Inf) | 0.001 |
Work hours | ||||
  > 8 h | 24 (46.15%) | 20 (38.46%) | 1.00 |  |
 5–8 h | 9 (17.31%) | 5 (9.62%) | 0.67 (0.15–2.9 - 68) | 0.556 |
 1–4 h | 1 (1.92%) | 11 (21.15%) | 12.70 (1.60–589.43) | 0.007 |
 No work | 7 (13.46%) | 5 (9.62%) | 0.86 (0.18–3.72) | 1 |
 Seasonal work | 6 (11.54%) | 2 (3.85%) | 0.41 (0.04–2.61) | 0.442 |
 Retired | 5 (9.62%) | 9 (17.31%) | 2.13 (0.54–9.50) | 0.358 |
Treatment expenditure on last hospital visit | ||||
  < 40,000 Naira (about US $125) | 48 (92.31%) | 9 (17.31%) | 1.00 |  |
  > 40,000 Naira (about US $125) | 2 (3.85%) | 35 (67.31%) | 85.90 (17.48–874.90) | < 0.001 |
 Unable to quantify | 2 (3.85%) | 8 (15.39%) | 19.90 (3.28–221.68) | < 0.001 |
Bed net/door and window screens | ||||
 No net use | 18 (34.62%) | 30 (57.69%) | 1.00 |  |
 Screen on doors and windows | 2 (3.85%) | 7 (13.46%) | 2.07 (0.34–22.61) | 0.471 |
 Bed net use | 32 (61.54%) | 15 (28.85%) | 0.28 (0.11–0.71) | 0.004 |