Fig. 4

Summary of amino acid substitutions identified in HA proteins of (A) pH1N1 viruses and (B) H3N2 viruses between 2009 and 2017 in MENA. Substitutions are colored with respect to their localization in the antigenic sites. For pH1N1: Sa is colored red and Ca is colored blue. For H3N2: A is colored red; B is colored blue; C is colored green and D is colored orange. Sporadic and fixed substitutions (bold) are indicated by the dashed and continuous lines respectively. Fixed substitutions that have been found in > 80% of viruses are listed in parallel (on the right) to respective year. Only one HA sequence has been found in IRD representing H3N2 virus from MENA during 2010 (red star)