Ref. | Age | Sex | Comorbid conditions | Joint | Possible Exposure | Presumed Mechanism of Joint Infection | Fever | CRP mg/L | X-Ray Findings | Antibiotic Therapy | Surgical Intervention | Follow-up period | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | 55 | M | CRF, hemodialysis | Native shoulder | Work as butcher | Contiguous spread | NR | NR | NR | IV penicillin G × 3 weeks | Arthrotomy and irrigation | Unknown | No relapse |
[27] | 67 | M | DM, CLL | Native elbow | Unknown | Unknown | No | NR | NR | None | Arthroscopic irrigation | Unknown | No relapse |
[11] | 18 | M | None | Native knee | Knee laceration on seashore rock 2 months prior | Contiguous spread | No | 146.7 | NR | IV penicillin G + IV ciprofloxacin × 5 weeks then PO clindamycin + PO ciprofloxacin × 16 weeks | Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement | 5 months | No relapse |
[28] | 41 | F | Systemic and intra-articular steroid use for SLE | Native knee | Cleaning Koi fish pond weekly in prior 18 months | Contiguous spread | No | 30.6 | NR | IV penicillin G × 4 weeks then PO ciprofloxacin × 2 weeks | Arthrotomy and synovectomy | 12 months | No relapse |
[19] | 76 | M | Previous Aortic valve replacement | Native knee | Unknown | Hematogenous seeding | No | NR | NR | IV penicillin G × 4 weeks | None | Unknown | No relapse |
[29] | 5 | M | None | Native hip | Unknown | Unknown | No | 24 | Increase in medial joint space | PO amoxicillin-clavulanate ×  21 days | Arthrotomy and irrigation | 4 months | No relapse |
[30] | 76 | M | Long term high dose steroid use for RA and lupus nephritis | Prosthetic knee | Prior work with pig, cow, kangaroo, and penguin hides | Unknown | NR | 27 | Prosthetic misalignment | IV penicillin G + IV levofloxacin × 3 weeks then PO clindamycin + PO levofloxacin × 7 weeks | 2 stage exchange with 2 chains of 30 gentamicin beads in tibial cavity and gentamicin spacer | 12 months | No relapse |
[31] | 73 | F | Unknown | Prosthetic hip | Owned a hunting dog | Unknown | NR | 17.4 | Radiolucency between femoral cement mantle and bone | IV penicillin G + IV × 3 weeks then PO amoxicillin × 8 weeks | 2-stage exchange with gentamicin + clindamycin spacer | 4 months | No relapse |
[12] | 68 | F | Alcoholism, systemic steroid use | Prosthetic knee | Feeding swine | Contiguous spread | No | 74 | Advanced osteolysis of tibia, femur and patella | IV imipenem + IV ofloxacin × 2 weeks then PO clindamycin + PO ofloxacin ×  24 weeks | Prosthesis removal with gentamicin + vancomycin spacer and eventual definitive arthrodesis | 32 months | No relapse Arthrodesis |
[32] | 82 | M | Unknown | Prosthetic knee | Unknown | Unknown | No | NR | Prosthesis loosening | IV ceftriaxone × 3 months for initial episode IV ceftriaxone + PO levofloxacin × 12 weeks for recurrrence | 1-stage exchange for initial episode 2-stage exchange for recurrence | 2 years | Relapse 1 month after initial antibiotic course. No relapse after 2-stage exchange |