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Table 2 Risk factors assessment of 73 CDI patients and 766 non-CDI controls

From: Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized adults and the first isolation of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 in central China

Characteristic

TCD infection (N = 73) n (%)

Control (N = 766) n (%)

P valuea

Demographic data

 Age (Median, Interquartile range)

52 (37.3–64.8)

51 (38–63)

0.908

 Age ≥ 65 years

18 (25.0)

155 (20.2)

0.868

 Male sex

58 (79.5)

500 (65.3)

0.098

 Community-acquired diarrhea

15 (20.5)

168 (21.9)

0.980

 Gastrointestinal disease

22 (30.1)

217 (28.3)

1.042

 Hepatobiliary disease

6 (8.2)

65 (8.5)

1.026

 Cardiovascular disease

6 (8.2)

51 (6.7)

0.910b

 Kidney disease

9 (12.3)

13 (1.7)

< 0.001 ***

 Hemopathy

4 (5.5)

36 (4.7)

1.038b

 Malignancy

4 (5.5)

21 (2.7)

0.843b

 Autoimmune disease

1 (1.4)

15 (2.0)

1.000b

 Diabetes mellitus

5 (6.8)

44 (5.7)

0.922b

Presumed risk factors

 Prior hospitalization

43 (58.9)

458 (59.8)

1.030

 Antibiotic

53 (72.6)

380 (49.6)

0.003**

  No. of antibiotics (≥3)

14 (19.2)

112 (14.6)

0.373

  Aminoglycosides

2 (2.7)

10 (1.3)

0.401b

  β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations

34 (46.6)

165 (21.5)

< 0.001***

  Carbapenems

17 (23.3)

127 (16.6)

0.365

  3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins

3 (4.1)

10 (1.3)

0.320b

  Fluoroquinolones

24 (32.9)

147 (19.2)

0.030*

  Glycopeptide

6 (8.2)

38 (5.0)

0.440b

  Tetracyclines

3 (4.1)

47 (6.1)

0.681b

  Metronidazole

4 (5.5)

51 (6.7)

0.697b

  Vancomycin

4 (5.5)

20 (2.6)

0.296b

 Proton pump inhibitors

45 (61.6)

421 (55.0)

0.793

 Nasogastric tube

11 (15.1)

89 (1.6)

0.842

 Abdominal surgery

2 (2.7)

29 (3.8)

1.000b

 Chemotherapy

2 (2.7)

37 (4.8)

0.947b

 Immunosuppressive agents

2 (2.7)

10 (1.3)

0.757b

Biological parameters

 WBC (×109/L)

6.5 (4.54–9.26)

6.23 (4.89–8.10)

1.034

 WBC count > 9.5 × 109/L

17 (23.3)

152 (11.8)

0.939

 NEU%

73.6 (64.9–81.4)

64.00 (56.5–75.7)

0.035*

 Neutropenia (> 75%)

29 (39.7)

241 (31.5)

0.579

 HB (g/L)

116 (92–128)

123.00 (108–135)

0.655

 PLT (×109/)

204 (138--271)

192.00 (155–262)

0.933

 ALB (g/L)

36 (30.1–41.1)

40.4 (35.3–42.4)

0.420

 Hypoalbuminemia (< 35 g/L)

33 (45.2)

206 (26.9)

0.012*

 AST (U/L)

19 (13–26)

18 (15–26)

0.999

 CRE (umol/L)

73 (53–100)

65 (56–83)

0.728

 Serum creatinine > 195 μmol/L

3 (4.1)

10 (1.3)

0.420b

 hsCRP (mg/L)

11.1 (4.8–77.7)

4.6 (0.7–27.6)

0.426

Clinical symptoms

 Abdominal pain

7 (9.6)

57 (7.4)

0.938

 Fever

4 (5.5)

36 (4.7)

0.999b

 Vomit

1 (1.4)

8 (1.0)

0.982

 Hematochezia

6 (8.2)

57 (7.4)

0.978

  1. WBC white blood cell count, NEU neutrophile granulocyte, HB hemoglobin, PLT blood platelet count, ALB albumin, AST glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, CRE serum creatinine, hsCRP high sensitivity C reactive protein, aFalse discovery rate (FDR) estimation for multiple testing correction; bFisher’s exact test; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001