Characteristic | Urban Dar es Salaam | Rural Morogoro Region | p-value for interaction by site | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N | Late or no receipt of DTP3 n (%) | Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI) | p value | Total N | Late or no receipt of DTP3 n (%) | Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI) | p value | ||
Total cohort | 10,932 | 1751 (16.01%) | – | – | 19,571 | 3381 (17.28%) | – | – |  |
Infant sex | |||||||||
 Male | 5578 | 919 (16.48%) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 0.20 | 10,406 | 1801 (17.31%) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.77 | 0.29 |
 Female | 5350 | 831 (15.53%) | Reference |  | 9165 | 1580 (17.24%) | Reference |  |  |
Parity | |||||||||
 Firstborn | 2509 | 423 (16.86%) | Reference |  | 4807 | 886 (18.43%) | Reference |  | 0.02 |
 2nd-4th child | 5147 | 807 (15.68%) | 1.10 (0.98–1.25) | 0.11 | 8989 | 1519 (16.90%) | 0.91 (0.84–1.00) | 0.04 |  |
 5th or greater child | 668 | 103 (15.42%) | 1.19 (0.95–1.48) | 0.13 | 2978 | 638 (21.42%) | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) | 0.006 |  |
Birthweight | |||||||||
  Low birthweight (< 2500 g) | 942 | 139 (14.76%) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 0.050 | 2713 | 342 (12.61%) | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | <  0.001 | 0.06 |
  Normal birthweight (≥2500 g) | 9990 | 1612 (16.14%) | Reference |  | 16,858 | 3039 (18.03%) | Reference |  |  |
Gestational Age | |||||||||
  Preterm (< 37 weeks) | 1478 | 244 (16.51%) | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 0.84 | 1861 | 340 (18.27%) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.09 | 0.72 |
  Term (≥37 weeks) | 6280 | 928 (14.78%) | Reference |  | 9887 | 1772 (17.92%) | Reference |  |  |
Size for gestational Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  SGA (<10th percentile) | 710 | 106 (14.93%) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.26 | 1559 | 256 (16.42%) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.18 | 0.55 |
  No SGA (≥10th percentile) | 6922 | 1041 (15.04%) | Reference |  | 9885 | 1789 (18.10%) | Reference |  |  |
Maternal age | |||||||||
 < 20 years | 1785 | 347 (19.44%) | 1.58 (1.36–1.84) | <  0.001* | 4472 | 836 (18.69%) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | <  0.001* | 0.02 |
 20–25 years | 3204 | 481 (15.01%) | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) |  | 5219 | 942 (18.05%) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) |  |  |
 25–30 years | 2783 | 356 (12.79%) | Reference |  | 5196 | 865 (16.65%) | Reference |  |  |
 30–35 years | 1378 | 165 (11.97%) | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) |  | 2725 | 429 (15.74%) | 0.92 (0.82–1.02) |  |  |
  ≥ 35 years | 579 | 64 (11.05%) | 0.81 (0.62–1.04) |  | 1384 | 220 (15.90%) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) |  |  |
Maternal education | |||||||||
 No formal schooling | 655 | 105 (16.03%) | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 0.21* | 2175 | 520 (23.91%) | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | <  0.001* | 0.049 |
 Some primary | 339 | 60 (17.70%) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) |  | 1858 | 416 (22.39%) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) |  |  |
 Completed primary | 7163 | 1062 (14.83%) | Reference |  | 13,847 | 2185 (15.78%) | Reference |  |  |
 Secondary plus | 1625 | 195 (12.00%) | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) |  | 1213 | 177 (14.59%) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) |  |  |
Paternal education | |||||||||
 No formal schooling | 187 | 26 (13.90%) | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | 0.05* | 1197 | 339 (28.32%) | 1.36 (1.22–1.52) | <  0.001* | 0.004 |
 Some primary | 217 | 56 (25.81%) | 1.66 (1.31–2.10) |  | 1461 | 316 (21.63%) | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) |  |  |
 Completed primary | 6495 | 965 (14.86%) | Reference |  | 14,459 | 2360 (16.32%) | Reference |  |  |
 Secondary plus | 2702 | 336 (12.44%) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |  | 1887 | 261 (13.91%) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) |  |  |
Wealth quintile | |||||||||
 Q1 (Poorest) | 1544 | 300 (19.43%) | 1.25 (1.04–1.49) | 0.006* | 3938 | 807 (20.49%) | 1.32 (1.18–1.47) | <  0.001* | <  0.001 |
 Q2 | 2276 | 318 (13.97%) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) |  | 4311 | 926 (21.48%) | 1.37 (1.23–1.52) |  |  |
 Q3 | 1672 | 250 (14.95%) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) |  | 3222 | 447 (13.87%) | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) |  |  |
 Q4 | 2947 | 374 (12.69%) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) |  | 3769 | 584 (15.49%) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) |  |  |
 Q5 (Richest) | 1258 | 169 (13.43%) | Reference |  | 3793 | 514 (13.55%) | Reference |  |  |
Place of birth | |||||||||
 Homea | – | – | – | – | 2614 | 584 (22.34%) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | <  0.001 |  |
 Facility | – | – | – |  | 16,938 | 2789 (16.47%) | Reference |  |  |
Trimester of first ANC visit | |||||||||
 1st Trimester | 1108 | 158 (14.26%) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | <  0.001* | 1517 | 261 (17.21%) | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | 0.19* | <  0.001 |
 2nd Trimester | 6469 | 996 (15.40%) | Reference |  | 12,350 | 2288 (18.53%) | Reference |  |  |
 3rd Trimester | 781 | 187 (23.94%) | 1.55 (1.36–1.78) |  | 2014 | 370 (18.37%) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) |  |  |