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Table 2 Exposures related to acute viral and unspecified hepatitis, Egypt, January 2014–June 2017

From: Evidence of sustained reductions in the relative risk of acute hepatitis B and C virus infections, and the increasing burden of hepatitis a virus infection in Egypt: comparison of sentinel acute viral hepatitis surveillance results, 2001–17

 

No. exposed

Total cases

Percent (%)

Odds Ratio

95% confidence interval

p value

a. Healthcare-associated exposures

 1. Received therapeutic injection*

  HAV

1939

7800

24.9%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

72

203

35.5%

1.7

1.2–2.3

< 0.001

  HCV

90

233

38.6%

1.9

1.5–2.5

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

309

945

32.7%

1.5

1.3–1.7

< 0.001

  Total

2410

9181

30.9%

NA

NA

NA

 2. Wound suture

  HAV

105

7806

1.3%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

7

238

2.9%

2.2

1.0–4.8

0.05

  HCV

11

252

4.4%

3.3

1.8–6.3

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

22

959

2.3%

1.7

1.1–2.7

0.02

  Total

145

9255

1.6%

NA

NA

NA

 3. Blood transfusion

  HAV

7

7806

0.1%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

2

238

0.8%

9.4

2.0–45.7

0.03

  HCV

5

252

2.0%

22.6

7.1–71.6

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

12

959

1.3%

14.1

5.5–35.9

< 0.001

  Total

26

9255

0.3%

NA

NA

NA

 4. Insertion of urinary catheter

  HAV

14

7806

0.2%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

7

238

2.9%

16.9

6.7–42.2

< 0.001

  HCV

3

252

1.2%

6.7

1.9–23.5

0.01

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

28

959

2.9%

16.7

8.8–32.8

< 0.001

  Total

52

9255

0.6%

NA

NA

NA

 5. Insertion of IV line

  HAV

172

7806

2.2%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

21

238

8.8%

4.3

2.7–6.9

< 0.001

  HCV

26

252

10.3%

5.1

3.3–7.9

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

84

959

8.8%

4.3

3.2–5.6

< 0.001

  Total

303

9255

3.3%

NA

NA

NA

 6. Surgery

  HAV

110

7806

1.4%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

10

238

4.2%

3.1

1.6–5.9

< 0.01

  HCV

13

252

5.2%

3.8

2.0–6.7

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

47

959

4.9%

3.6

2.5–5.1

< 0.001

  Total

180

9255

1.9%

NA

NA

NA

 7. Dental procedures

  HAV

492

7806

6.3%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

17

238

7.1%

1.1

0.7–1.9

0.3

  HCV

23

252

9.1%

1.5

0.9–2.3

0.05

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

74

959

7.7%

1.2

0.9–1.6

0.05

  Total

606

9255

6.5%

NA

NA

NA

b. Lifestyle exposures

 1. Exposure to blood outside health facilities

  HAV

33

7806

0.4%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

11

238

4.6%

11.4

5.7–22.9

< 0.001

  HCV

6

252

2.4%

5.7

2.4–13.8

< 0.01

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

12

959

1.3%

3

1.5–6.0

< 0.01

  Total

62

9255

0.7%

NA

NA

NA

 2. Being imprisoned in last 6 months

  HAV

12

7806

0.2%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

5

238

2.1%

13.9

4.9–39.9

< 0.001

  HCV

4

252

1.6%

10.5

3.4–32.7

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

3

959

0.3%

2.0

0.6–7.2

0.2

  Total

24

9255

0.3%

NA

NA

NA

 3. IV drug use

  HAV

6

7806

0.1%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

35

238

14.7%

224.1

39.2–538.8

< 0.001

  HCV

19

252

7.5%

106

41.9–267.8

< 0.001

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

14

959

1.5%

19.3

7.4–50.2

< 0.001

  Total

74

9255

0.8%

NA

NA

NA

 4. Share tooth brushes

  HAV

118

7806

1.5%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

3

238

1.3%

0.8

0.3–2.6

0.5

  HCV

3

252

1.2%

0.8

0.2–2.5

0.5

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

6

959

0.6%

0.4

0.2–0.9

0.01

  Total

130

9255

1.4%

NA

NA

NA

 5. Share razors (for males)

  HAV

39

4541

0.9%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

9

183

4.9%

6

2.8–12.5

< 0.001

  HCV

3

191

1.6%

1.8

0.6–6.0

0.2

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

14

514

2.7%

3.2

1.7–6.0

< 0.001

  Total

65

5429

1.2%

NA

NA

NA

 6. At military service (for males)

  HAV

17

4541

0.4%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

5

183

2.7%

7.5

2.7–20.5

0.001

  HCV

0

191

0.0%

NA

NA

NA

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

2

514

0.4%

1

0.2–4.5

0.4

  Total

24

5429

0.4%

NA

NA

NA

 7. Labor or abortion (for females)

  HAV

12

3265

0.4%

Ref

Ref

Ref

  HBV

5

55

9.1%

27.1

9.2–79.8

< 0.001

  HCV

2

61

3.3%

9.2

2.0–42.0

0.01

  Unspecified acute hepatitis

36

445

8.1%

23.8

12.3–46.2

< 0.001

  Total

55

3826

1.4%

NA

NA

NA

c. Fecal-oral exposures

 1. Attending nursery

  HAV

1368

7806

17.5%

   

  Non-HAVα

38

1449

2.6%

7.9

5.8–10.9

< 0.001

  Total

1406

9255

15.2%

   

 2. Contact with person attending nursery

  HAV

1780

7806

22.8%

   

  Non-HAVα

209

1449

14.4%

1.8

1.5–2.0

< 0.001

  Total

1989

9255

21.5%

   

 3. Contact with a case of HAV

  HAV

617

7806

7.9%

   

  Non-HAVα

25

1449

1.7%

4.9

3.3–7.3

< 0.001

  Total

642

9255

6.9%

   

 4. Eat meals outside home

  HAV

6514

7806

83.4%

   

  Non-HAVα

1055

1449

72.8%

1.9

1.7–2.1

< 0.001

  Total

7569

9255

81.8%

   

 5. Animal exposure

  HAV

850

7806

10.9%

   

  Non-HAVα

128

1449

8.8%

1.3

1.0–1.5

0.02

  Total

978

9255

10.6%

   
  1. * Therapeutic injection excluding 74 patients who reported receiving illegal drugs by injection
  2. α Non-HAV include all cases of HBV, HCV, and unspecified acute hepatitis