Table 3 Characteristics of diagnostic approaches for HPV sampling and detection

Bleeker 2005

Peniscopy, HPV DNA Test

Brushes from the top of the penis(glans, corona, sulcus, frenulum, inner part of the foreskin)

HPV GP5+/6+ enzyme immunoassay PCR

HR-HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68. and LR-HPV: 6, 11, 26, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55, 57, 61, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82/MM4, 83, 84, CP6108

Rosenblatt 2004

Peniscopy, Biopsy, HPV DNA Test

Brushes from the penile shaft, the dorsal and ventral prebalanic area, the foreskin and the urethral meatus to navicular fossa

HPV -hybrid capture

HR- HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 and LR- HPV: 6, 11, 42, 43, 44.

Rombaldi 2006

Peniscopy, Biopsy, HPV DNA Test

Urotest brush from urethral canal, areas identified by peniscopic images as being clinical or subclinical signifance regarding HPV, dorsal and ventral pre-glans region, preputial mucosa, penile shaft

PCR protocol which amplified a 450-bp segment of a conserved region of the L1 viral gene delineated by the MY9 and MY11 primers. For the viral typing: RLFP

N/A

Giraldo 2008

Peniscopy, Biopsy, HPV DNA Test

Brushes from base, body, balanopreputial folds, preputium, distal urethra

Second-generation hybrid capture

HR- HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68

Benevolo 2008

HPV DNA Test

Cytobrush from dorsal and ventral area of the penile shaft, external and internal surface of the prepuce, coronal sulcus, glans and distal urethra

PCR and reverse dot blot hybridization

HR- HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82. and LR-HPV: 6, 11, 40, 43, 44

Guzman-Esquirel 2009

HPV DNA Test

Cytobrush from the surface of the balano-preputial groove, the glans, and with rotating movements the navicular fossa

PCR with HPV universal primers followed by RSA1 endonuclease restriction enzyme

N/A

Martin-Ezquerra 2012

Peniscopy, Cytology and HPV DNA Test

Brushes from the glans, corona, sulcus at baseline and after 6 months. Anal scrapings obtained from anus at baseline. Urine samples obtained at baseline

HCII assay

N/A

Afonso, 2013

Peniscopy, Biopsy, HPV DNA Test

Urotest brush in areas identified by peniscopic images as being of clinical or subclinical significance

HPV detection: PCR using consensus primers MY09/11,

HPV genotyping: PCR with primers for the E6 gene DNA sequence of HPV6,11,16, 18, 31,33,35,45,58

HR-HPV:16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 58 and LR- HPV:6, 11,

de Lima Rocha 2012

HPV DNA test

Brushes from the glans and prepuce internal surfaces, including the sulcus and the corona

PCR using GP5+/GP6+ for HPV-DNA detection, followed by PCR using primers specific for 6/11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45

HR-HPV:16, 18, 31, 33, 45 and LR- HPV:6, 11,

Rob 2017

HPV DNA Test

FLOQ Swabs brush from the glans of penis, foreskin, urethral orifice, body of the penis and scrotum

PCR with broad spectrum primers and reverse line blot hybridization

HR- HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, Probably HR- HPV: 26, 53, 66, 67, 70, 73 and LR-HPV: 6, 11, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 62, 72, 74, 81, 90

Vargas 2016

HPV DNA Test

Self -obtained penile samples, collected with a sterile nylon cytobrush from the penile groove area, the glans penis, penile body and prepuce

Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA)

HR-HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and LR- HPV:6, 11, 26, 40 42, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, IS39 and CP6108

Lopez-Diez 2017

HPV DNA Test

Cytobrush from the dorsal and ventral area of the penile, external and internal surface of prepuce, coronal sulcus, glans and distal urethra

Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Linear Array, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany)

HR- HPV: 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 82-including IS39 subtype