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Table 1 Overview of selected publications describing samples used for viral diagnostic

From: Find the right sample: A study on the versatility of saliva and urine samples for the diagnosis of emerging viruses

Type of specimens

Arboviruses

VHFV

Coronaviruses

CHIKV

DENV

WNV

YFV

ZIKV

EBOV

SARS

MERS

Blood derived samples

whole blood

[139]

[143]

[147, 148]

n.r.

[88]

[160]

[165]

[170]

peripheral blood (cells)

[139]

[144]

[147, 148]

n.r.

n.r.

[54]

[166]

 

peripheral blood (plasma)

[140]

[13]

[149]

[152]

[89]

[54]

[112, 166]

 

seruma

[141]

[144]

[149]

[152]

[97]

[52]

[167]

[169]

umbilical cord blood

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

Body fluids

saliva

[19]

[13]

n.r.

?

[88, 89, 97]

[52]

n.r.

n.r.

urine

[19]

[19]

[75]

[104]

[88, 89, 97]

[54]

[110, 112]

[124]

  1. VHF Viral haemorrhagic Fever, a = NAT & Immunological test, n.r. not reported