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Fig. 4 | BMC Infectious Diseases

Fig. 4

From: Soluble markers of neutrophil, T-cell and monocyte activation are associated with disease severity and parasitemia in falciparum malaria

Fig. 4

Markers of T-cell subsets activation and T-cell exhaustion during falciparum malaria. Plasma levels of TIM-3 (a), granzyme B (GrB) (b) and fractalkine (CX3CL1) (c) in patients with HIV infection without malaria (n = 58), patients with falciparum malaria without (n = 61) and with (n = 70) HIV infection. Data are given as median and 25-75th percentiles. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 versus HIV without malaria. ††p < 0.01 versus falciparum malaria without HIV. The horizontal grey shaded area represent levels 25-75th percentiles in age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 52). For the malaria with and without HIV infection, all markers were raised compared with levels in controls (p < 0.001). For the HIV group without malaria, TIM-3 but not GrB or CX3CL1, was raised compared to controls (p < 0.001)

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