| Total (N = 962) | HIV negative (N = 535) | HIV positive (N = 427) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
 Age, years (Mean, SD) | 37.9 (7.72) | 38.4 (7.90) | 37.2 (7.42) | 0.02 |
 Nature of residence (N, %) | < 0.001 | |||
 Urban | 431 (45.0) | 283 (53.1) | 148 (34.9) |  |
 Semirural | 367 (38.4) | 180 (33.8) | 187 (44.1) |  |
 Rural | 159 (16.6) | 70 (13.1) | 89 (30.0) |  |
Socioeconomic status (N, %) | < 0.001 | |||
 Low | 375 (39.0) | 152 (28.4) | 223 (52.2) |  |
 Middle | 384 (39.9) | 226 (42.2) | 158 (37.0) |  |
 High | 203 (21.1) | 157 (29.4) | 46 (10.8) |  |
 Education (N, %) | < 0.001 | |||
  ≤ 6 years | 104 (10.8) | 45 (8.40) | 59 (13.8) |  |
 7–12 years | 602 (62.7) | 294 (55.1) | 308 (72.3) |  |
  > 12 years | 254 (26.5) | 195 (36.5) | 59 (13.9) |  |
 Marital status (N, %) | < 0.001 | |||
 Married | 647 (67.3) | 421 (78.7) | 226 (52.9) |  |
 Not married | 315 (32.7) | 114 (21.3) | 201 (47.1) |  |
Lifestyle characteristics | ||||
 Age at sexual debut, years (Mean, SD) | 20.1 (4.04) | 20.8 (4.24) | 19.2 (3.59) | < 0.001 |
 Lifetime number of partners (Mean, SD) | 3.43 (3.34) | 2.85 (2.35) | 4.16 (4.16) | < 0.001 |
 Number of partners in preceding year (Mean, SD) | 1.00 (0.47) | 1.00 (0.34) | 1.00 (0.60) | 0.86 |
 Ever smokeda (N, %) | 13 (1.35) | 4 (0.75) | 9 (2.11) | 0.09 |
 Alcohol Consumptionb (N, %) | 129 (13.5) | 70 (13.2) | 59 (13.9) | 0.78 |
 Ever douche (N, %) | 606 (63.1) | 319 (59.6) | 287 (67.4) | 0.02 |
 Regularly douche in last 3 months (N, %) | 544 (56.5) | 284 (53.1) | 260 (60.9) | 0.32 |
 Condom use (N, %) | 290 (30.2) | 102 (19.1) | 188 (44.0) | < 0.001 |
 Oral contraceptive use (N, %) | 93 (9.67) | 38 (8.90) | 55 (10.3) | 0.51 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
 Body Mass Index, kg/m2 (N, %) | < 0.001 | |||
 Normal weight, 18.5–24.9 | 303 (33.4) | 136 (26.6) | 167 (42.0) |  |
 Overweight, 25.0–29.9 | 324 (35.6) | 184 (35.9) | 140 (35.3) |  |
 Obese, ≥ 30.0 | 282 (31.0) | 192 (37.5) | 90 (22.7) |  |
 Vaginal pH (N, %) | 0.21 | |||
  < 4.5 | 73 (7.59) | 47 (8.79) | 26 (6.09) |  |
 4.5–5.5 | 68 (7.07) | 34 (6.36) | 34 (7.96) |  |
  > 5.5 | 821 (85.3) | 454 (84.9) | 367 (85.9) |  |
 Diagnosis of vaginal infection in last 3 monthsc (N, %) | 23 (2.39) | 17 (3.18) | 6 (1.41) | 0.09 |
 Currently on antiretroviral therapy (N, %) | – | – | 395 (92.5) |  |