Table 3 Clinical characteristics of tested and non-tested patients for both all atypical pathogens and L. pneumophila (column A) and of patients with community-acquired pneumonia caused and not caused by atypical pathogen (column B)
| Variables | Column A | Column B | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tested patients (N = 1250) |
Non-tested patients (N = 2452) | P | Atypical pathogen CAP (N = 63) | Non-atypical pathogen CAP (N = 1187) | P | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | 68 (46–75) | 70 (51–81) | 0.43 | 62 (43–72) | 71 (56–81) | 0.015 |
| Male, n (%) | 714 (57) | 1459 (59) | 0.83 | 27 (43) | 687 (58) | 0.027 |
| Underweight, n (%) | 56 (4.5) | 110 (4.5) | 0.36 | 3 (4.8) | 53 (4.5) | 1 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 208 (16.6) | 369 (15) | 0.21 | 11 (17.4) | 197 (16.6) | 0.811 |
| Respiratory past medical history | ||||||
| Active lung cancer, s (%) | 27 (2.2) | 82 (3.3) | 0.50 | 0 (0) | 27 (2.3) | 0.64 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 85 (6.8) | 176 (7.2) | 0.73 | 3 (4.8) | 82 (6.9) | 0.79 |
| Bronchiectasis, n (%) | 61 (4.9) | 117 (4.6) | 0.87 | 1 (1.6) | 60 (5) | 0.36 |
| Chronic aspiration, n (%) | 71 (5.7) | 186 (7.6) | 0.03 | 0 (0) | 71 (6) | 0.45 |
| COPD, n (%) | 327 (26.2) | 609 (24.8) | 0.38 | 14 (22.2) | 313 (26.3) | 0.51 |
| FEV1 ≤ 30%, n (%) | 27 (2.2) | 73 (3) | 0.16 | 0 (0) | 27 (2.2) | 0.64 |
| Current/former smoker, n (%) | 427 (34.2) | 818 (33.4) | 0.63 | 18 (28.5) | 409 (34.4) | 0.382 |
| Interstitial lung disease, n (%) | 34 (2.7) | 61 (2.5) | 0.66 | 1 (1.6) | 33 (2.8) | 1 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 51 (4.1) | 79 (3.2) | 0.19 | 0 (0) | 51 (4.3) | 0.17 |
| Oxygen therapy at home, n (%) | 83 (6.6) | 141 (5.7) | 0.30 | 4 (6.4) | 79 (6.6) | 1 |
| Lung transplantation, n (%) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (0.2) | 0.44 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 |
| Tracheostomy, n (%) | 15 (1) | 38 (1.5) | 0.45 | 0 (0) | 15 (1.3) | 1 |
| Cardiovascular past medical history | ||||||
| Arrhythmia, n (%) | 218 (17.4) | 309 (12.6) | < 0.001 | 11 (17.7) | 207 (17.4) | 0.947 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 178 (14.2) | 345 (14.1) | 0.88 | 3 (4.8) | 175 (14.7) | 0.030 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 88 (7) | 210 (8.2) | 0.26 | 2 (3.2) | 86 (7.2) | 0.312 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 183 (14.6) | 323 (13) | 0.14 | 4 (6.5) | 179 (14.4) | 0.790 |
| Chronic medications | ||||||
| Inhaled corticosteroids use, n (%) | 207 (16.6) | 383 (15.6) | 0.47 | 4 (6.5) | 203 (17.1) | 0.028 |
| Proton Pump Inhibitor use, n (%) | 401 (32) | 627 (25.6) | < 0.001 | 17 (27.4) | 384 (32.3) | 0.423 |
| Statins use, n (%) | 285 (22.8) | 470 (19.2) | 0.011 | 9 (14.5) | 276 (23.2) | 0.111 |
| Steroids use, n (%) | 86 (6.8) | 208 (8.5) | 0.09 | 4 (6.5) | 82 (6.9) | 1 |
| Chronic interventions | ||||||
| Enteric tube feeding, n (%) | 11 (0.88) | 41 (1.7) | 0.05 | 0 (0) | 11 (1) | 1 |
| Haemodialysis, n (%) | 12 (1) | 40 (1.6) | 0.11 | 0 (0) | 12 (1) | 1 |
| Indwelling catheter, n (%) | 18 (1.4) | 61 (2.5) | 0.04 | 2 (3.2) | 16 (1.4) | 0.22 |
| Immunosuppressive conditions | ||||||
| Active solid tumour, n (%) | 88 (7) | 199 (8.1) | 0.27 | 1 (1.6) | 87 (7.3) | 0.12 |
| HIV infection, n (%) | 28 (2.24) | 95 (3.9) | 0.009 | 2 (3.2) | 26 (2.2) | 0.64 |
| AIDS, n (%) | 15 (1.2) | 50 (2) | 0.08 | 2 (3.2) | 13 (1.1) | 0.16 |
| Aplastic anaemia, n (%) | 6 (0.3) | 8 (0.3) | 0.57 | 0 (0) | 6 (0.5) | 1 |
| Asplenia, n (%) | 6 (0.3) | 6 (0.2) | 0.24 | 0 (0) | 6 (0.5) | 1 |
| Biological drug use, n (%) | 14 (1.1) | 23 (0.9) | 0.60 | 0 (0) | 14 (1.2) | 1 |
| Chemotherapy in the last 3 months, n (%) | 48 (3.8) | 97 (3.8) | 0.92 | 1 (1.6) | 47 (4) | 0.51 |
| Haematological malignancy, n (%) | 73 (5.8) | 89 (3.6) | =0.003 | 2 (3.2) | 71 (6) | 0.57 |
| Immunocompromised patients, n (%) | 230 (18.4) | 435 (17.7) | 0.62 | 12 (19.4) | 218 (18.4) | 0.84 |
| Neutropenia, n (%) | 13 (1.8) | 35 (1.4) | 0.36 | 0 (0) | 13 (1.1) | 1 |
| Other chronic medical conditions | ||||||
| Chronic renal failure, n (%) | 144 (11.5) | 256 (10.4) | 0.31 | 2 (3.2) | 142 (12) | 0.036 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 136 (18.9) | 272 (11.1) | 0.87 | 5 (8.1) | 131 (11) | 0.46 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 266 (21.3) | 516 (21) | 0.86 | 7 (11.3) | 259 (21.8) | 0.049 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 59 (4.72) | 81 (3.03) | 0.36 | 4 (6.5) | 55 (4.6) | 0.53 |
| Malnutrition, n (%) | 95 (7.6) | 0 (0) | 0.08 | 4 (6.5) | 91 (7.7) | 1 |
| Mental illness, n (%) | 83 (6.6) | 0 (0) | 0.73 | 4 (6.5) | 79 (6.6) | 1 |
| Prosthetic material, n (%) | 41 (3.3) | 75 (3) | 0.76 | 1 (1.6) | 40 (3.4) | 0.71 |
| Recurrent skin infections, n (%) | 14 (1.1) | 44 (1.8) | 0.13 | 1 (1.6) | 13 (1.1) | 0.51 |
| Other non-medical conditions | ||||||
| Bedridden, n (%) | 110 (8.8) | 305 (12.4) | 0.001 | 3 (4.8) | 86 (7.2) | 0.61 |
| Contact sport, n (%) | 1 (0.1) | 5 | 0.67 | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1.0 |
| Healthcare worker, n (%) | 20 (1.6) | 27 (1.1) | 0.21 | 5 (7.9) | 15 (1.3) | 0.002 |
| Homeless, n (%) | 12 (1.8) | 23 (0.9) | 1.0 | 0 (0) | 12 (1) | 1 |
| Living in crowded conditions, n (%) | 236 (18.9) | 485 (19.8) | 0.54 | 0 (0) | 9 (0.8) | 1 |
| Nursing home resident, n (%) | 86 (6.88) | 216 (8.8) | 0.042 | 11 (17.7) | 225 (18.9) | 0.81 |
| Chronic aspiration, n (%) | 71 (5.7) | 186 (7.6) | 0.034 | 0 (0) | 62 (5.3) | 0.047 |
| Previous infections/colonization | ||||||
| Prior mycobacterial diseases, n (%) | 31 (2.5) | 65 (2.6) | 0.82 | 3 (4.8) | 28 (2.4) | 0.19 |
| Prior MRSA infection/colonisation, n (%) | 30 (2.4) | 56 (2.3) | 0.82 | 0 (0) | 30 (2.5) | 0.39 |
| Prior ESBL-producing bacterial infection, n (%) | 21 (1.7) | 34 (1.4) | 0.48 | 1 (1.6) | 20 (1.7) | 1 |
| Prior Pseudomonas spp. infection, n (%) | 30 (2.4) | 71 (2.9) | 0.45 | 1 (1.6) | 29 (2.4) | 1 |
| Current pneumonia episode | ||||||
| Severe CAP, n (%) | 314 (25.1) | 716 (29.2) | 0.009 | 21 (33) | 293 (24.7) | 0.103 |
| ICU or HDU admission, n (%) | 277 (22.2) | 619 (25.2) | =0.039 | 18 (28) | 259 (22) | 0.181 |
| Either invasive or non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 206 (16.5) | 456 (17.9) | 0.11 | 12 (19) | 194 (16.3) | 0.531 |
| Invasive ventilation, n (%) | 114 (9.1) | 240 (9.4) | 0.55 | 3 (4.8) | 111 (9.3) | 0.230 |
| Non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 118 (9.4) | 231 (9) | 1 | 9 (14.3) | 109 (9.1) | 0.161 |
