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Table 4 Univariate and multivariable analyses for the identification of factors associated with human enteroviruses among HFMD patients

From: Molecular epidemiology and clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease in northern Thailand in 2016: a prospective cohort study

Characteristic

Enterovirus

OR

95% CI

p-value

ORadj

95% CI

p-value

n

(%)

Sex

 Male

154

59.2

1.16

0.84–1.60

0.381

   

 Female

106

40.8

1.00

     

Age (years)

  < 2

146

56.2

0.73

0.48–1.12

0.153

   

 2–3

58

22.3

0.68

0.42–1.12

0.130

   

  > 3

56

21.5

1.00

     

Residential area

 Rural

150

57.7

1.00

     

 Municipal

110

42.3

0.99

0.71–1.37

0.940

   

Participated in a group activity 2 weeks before disease onset

 No

66

25.4

0.76

0.52–1.11

0.150

   

 Yes

194

74.6

1.00

     

Breastfeeding

 No

14

5.4

2.78

1.20–6.43

0.017

3.74

1.53–9.10

0.004*

  ≤ 6 months

124

47.7

2.46

1.75–3.46

< 0.001*

2.52

1.76 – 3.61

< 0.001*

  > 6 months

122

46.9

1.00

  

1.00

  

History of vaccination

 Complete and timely

242

93.1

1.00

     

 Incomplete or/and not timely

18

6.9

0.74

0.41–1.36

0.335

   

Day time care

 Home

78

30.0

1.00

     

 Days care center

154

59.2

1.28

0.90–1.83

0.167

   

 School

28

10.8

1.41

0.79–2.53

0.243

   

Congenital disease

 No

248

95.4

1.00

     

 Yes

12

4.6

0.90

0.43–1.90

0.778

   

Regularly drug use

 No

254

97.7

1.00

     

 Yes

6

2.3

2.06

0.57–7.36

0.268

   

Family member (persons)

  < 4

136

52.3

1.00

     

4   - 7

98

37.7

1.24

0.88–1.74

0.225

   

  > 7

26

10.0

1.52

0.84–2.72

0.164

   

Family members < 6 years old (persons)

  ≤ 2

248

95.4

1.00

     

  > 2

12

4.6

1.02

0.47–2.19

0.967

   

History of HFMD previous year

 No

228

87.7

1.00

     

 Yes

32

12.3

0.93

0.58–1.51

0.780

   

Religion

        

 Buddhism

256

98.5

1.49

0.44–5.00

0.520

   

 Christianity

4

1.5

1.00

     

Father’s occupation

 Unemployed

32

12.3

1.00

     

 Government employee

6

2.3

0.35

0.13–1.01

0.051

   

 armer

56

21.5

0.69

0.38–1.25

0.220

   

 Daily wage employee

132

50.8

0.83

0.48–1.41

0.480

   

 Other

34

13.1

0.82

0.43–1.59

0.557

   

Mother’s occupation

 Unemployed

50

19.2

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Government employees

6

2.3

1.18

0.42–3.32

0.754

0.95

0.33–2.74

0.946

  Farmer

46

17.7

1.75

1.06–2.90

0.030*

1.88

1.11 – 3.16

0.018*

 Daily wage employee

114

43.9

2.28

1.50–3.47

< 0.001*

2.18

1.41 – 3.37

< 0.001*

 Unprofessional skilled job

44

16.9

2.47

1.45–4.23

0.001*

2.64

1.52 – 4.61

0.001*

Major caregiver

 Father

10

3.9

1.00

     

 Mother

122

46.9

0.22

0.07–0.71

0.011*

   

 Relative

92

35.4

0.34

0.10–1.10

0.072

   

 Father and mother

36

13.8

1.03

0.28–3.83

0.966

   

Marital status of caregiver

 Single

8

3.1

1.00

     

 Married

230

88.4

0.92

0.36–2.36

0.855

   

 Divorce

22

8.5

0.98

0.33–2.91

0.974

   

Education level of caregiver

 Not educated

68

26.2

1.00

     

 Primary school

82

31.5

1.33

0.87–2.03

0.185

   

 Secondary school

34

13.1

1.10

0.65–1.88

0.716

   

 High school

32

12.3

0.65

0.39–1.10

0.108

   

 Vocational school or higher

44

16.9

2.64

1.49–4.68

0.001*

   

Daily cleaning of food and drink containers

 No

6

2.3

1.00

     

 Yes

254

97.7

3.38

1.37–8.33

0.008*

   
  1. *Statistically significant at α=0.05