Skip to main content

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients admitted for IDU-IE treatment from January 2000 to July 2016

From: Rising rates of injection drug use associated infective endocarditis in Virginia with missed opportunities for addiction treatment referral: a retrospective cohort study

Clinical Characteristics

N (%)

Right-sided endocarditis

36 (47)

 Tricuspid valve

35 (46)

 Pulmonic valve

0

 Tricuspid and pulmonic valves

1 (1.3)

Left-sided endocarditis

24 (31.6)

 Mitral valve

10 (13.2)

 Aortic valve

12 (15.8)

 Mitral and aortic valves

2 (2.6)

Unknown

2 (2.6)

Mixed (right and left) endocarditis

10 (13.2)

Cardiac device lead

1 (1.3)

No endocardial disease seen

3 (4)

Heart disease history

 Bicuspid aortic valve

1 (1.3)

 Congenital heart disease

1 (1.3)

 Myxomatous mitral valve

1 (1.3)

 Prosthetic valve

11 (14.5)

 History of endocarditis

24 (31.6)

Clinical Features

 Fever on presentation

36 (47.4)

 Septic shock

15 (19.7)

 Severe congestive heart failure

5 (6.6)

 Indolent symptomsa

56 (73.7)

 Indwelling catheter on admission

18 (23.7)

 Need for CRRT during admission

12 (15.8)

Co-infections

 Human Immunodeficiency Virus

5 (6.6)

 Hepatitis C Virus

  Acute and chronic

33 (42.5)

  Past exposure

17 (22.4)

 Hepatitis B Virus

  Acute

1 (1.3)

  Past exposure

6 (8)

Co-morbid conditions

 Cirrhosis

2 (2.6)

 Diabetes

5 (6.6)

 End-stage renal disease

1 (1.3)

 COPD/Active malignancy

0

Vascular/ Immunologic Phenomenon

 Janeway lesions

7 (9.2)

 Splinter hemorrhages

4 (5.3)

 Roth spots

2 (2.6)

 Osler nodes

6 (8)

 Glomerulonephritis

1 (1.3)

 Septic pulmonary emboli/infarction

42 (55.3)

 Cerebrovascular related events

19 (25)

 Emboli to spleen

3 (3.9)

 Emboli to bone

4 (5.3)

 Septic arthritis

2 (2.6)

Type of injection drug

 Opioids, allb

51 (67)

  Heroin

22 (29)

  Morphine

22 (29)

  Hydromorphone

4 (5.3)

  Oxymorphone

2 (2.6)

  Oxycodone hydrochloride XL

1 (1.3)

  Buprenorphine

2 (2.6)

  Not specified

16 (21)

 Methamphetamines

20 (26.3)

 Bath Salts

4 (5.3)

 Cocaine

12 (16)

 Unknown type

9 (11.2)

Valve surgery performed

31 (41)

Readmissions within 6 months

 One readmission

17 (22.4)

 Two readmissions

7 (9.2)

 Three readmissions

1 (1.3)

  1. CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. aIndolent symptoms defined as: fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, reported fevers
  3. bOpioid injection type and substance type counts do not add up to total opioid users as some individuals reported injecting several types of substances