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Table 3 WHO prescribing indicators at the selected primary health care centers

From: Antimicrobial use by WHO methodology at primary health care centers: a cross sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan

Sr. No.

Indicator

RHCse(n = 16)

BHUsf(n = 16)

All PHCCsg(n = 32)

p-value

1

Prescriptions with one or more AMsb, % (range)

79.3 (68.9–86.2)

83.8 (71.4–89.1)

81.5 (68.9–89.1)

< 0.001

2

AMs prescribed per prescription, mean (range)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

1.5 (1.2–1.7)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

< 0.001

3

AMs prescribed from FL/EMLh, %

100

100

100

-------a

4

Cost (USDc) of AMs prescribed per prescription, mean (range)

1.5 (0.6–4.3)

0.9 (0.6–3.7)

1.3 (0.6–4.3)

< 0.001

5

Duration of prescribed AMs (days), mean (range)

5.2 (3.3–6.4)

4.9 (3.7–5.8)

5.1 (3.3–6.4)

< 0.001

6

Pneumonia patients who received AMs, %

100

100

100

-------a

7

Patients who received AMs for Pneumonia in accordance with clinical guidelinesi, %

0.0

0.0

0.0

-------a

8

AMs prescribed by INNd, %

100

100

100

-------a

  1. aMann-Whitney U Test was not applied for these indicators as there was no variation in their values, bAntimicrobials; cUS Dollars;dInternational non-proprietary name; eRural health centers; fBasic health Units; gPrimary health care centers; hFormulary list/Essential medicines list; iInfectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults (https://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/idsaats-cap.pdf); dInternational non-proprietary names