Variable | Pair no. | Hand hygiene compliance (%) | Hawthorne effect (percentage point difference) | p valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overt observation | Covert observation | ||||
Department (Nā=ā6094) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.255 |
āMedicine | 1212 | 76.6 | 53.3 | 23.3 | Ā |
āSurgery | 1258 | 76.1 | 48.5 | 27.6 | Ā |
āOthers | 577 | 86.5 | 70.2 | 16.3 | Ā |
Occupation (Nā=ā6094) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | <ā0.001 |
āNurse | 2105 | 84.2 | 54.2 | 30.0 | Ā |
āPhysician | 619 | 67.9 | 57.4 | 10.5 | Ā |
āCaregiver | 106 | 50.0 | 42.5 | 7.5 | Ā |
āOthers | 217 | 64.1 | 57.1 | 7.0 | Ā |
Timeb (Nā=ā6094) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 1.000 |
āDay shift | 2493 | 78.5 | 55.9 | 22.6 | Ā |
āEarly night shift | 516 | 77.1 | 50.4 | 26.7 | Ā |
āLate night shift | 38 | 73.7 | 28.9 | 44.8 | Ā |
Location (Nā=ā6094) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | <ā0.001 |
āWard | 2034 | 78.1 | 50.3 | 27.8 | Ā |
āIntensive care unit | 880 | 80.6 | 69.2 | 11.4 | Ā |
āOutpatient department | 133 | 64.7 | 24.1 | 40.6 | Ā |
Numbers of indications per hand hygiene opportunityc (Nā=ā4686) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.541 |
ā1 | 2301 | 76.7 | 53.2 | 23.5 | Ā |
ā2 | 42 | 85.7 | 73.8 | 11.9 | Ā |
Hand hygiene indicationd (Nā=ā1300) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.130 |
āBefore touching a patient | 270 | 72.2 | 47.4 | 24.8 | Ā |
āBefore clean/aseptic procedures | 19 | 78.9 | 52.6 | 26.3 | Ā |
āAfter body fluid exposure risk | 18 | 77.8 | 50.0 | 27.8 | Ā |
āAfter touching a patient | 287 | 83.3 | 59.9 | 23.4 | Ā |
āAfter touching patient surroundings | 56 | 55.4 | 53.6 | 1.8 | Ā |
Overall (Nā=ā6094) | 3047 | 78.2 | 54.6 | 23.6 | Ā |