Overt observation | Number of matched pairs (%) Covert observation | Matched odds ratio | p valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hand rubbing/washing | No hand rubbing/washing | |||
Department | ||||
āMedicine (Nā=ā1212) | Ā | Ā | 3.0 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 510 (42.1) | 418 (34.5) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 139 (11.5) | 145 (12.0) | Ā | Ā |
āSurgery (Nā=ā1258) | Ā | Ā | 3.6 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 475 (37.8) | 482 (38.3) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 135 (10.7) | 166 (13.2) | Ā | Ā |
āPaediatrics (Nā=ā463) | Ā | Ā | 2.7 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 292 (63.1) | 112 (24.2) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 41 (8.9) | 18 (3.9) | Ā | Ā |
āGynaecology/obstetrics (Nā=ā114) | Ā | Ā | 2.9 | 0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 60 (52.6) | 35 (30.7) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 12 (10.5) | 7 (6.1) | Ā | Ā |
Occupation | ||||
āNurse (Nā=ā2105) | Ā | Ā | 5.3 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 994 (47.2) | 778 (37.0) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 146 (6.9) | 187 (8.9) | Ā | Ā |
āPhysician (Nā=ā619) | Ā | Ā | 1.6 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 241 (38.9) | 179 (28.9) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 114 (18.4) | 85 (13.7) | Ā | Ā |
āCaregiver (Nā=ā106) | Ā | Ā | 1.4 | 0.302 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 26 (24.5) | 27 (25.5) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 19 (17.9) | 34 (32.1) | Ā | Ā |
āOthers (Nā=ā217) | Ā | Ā | 1.3 | 0.184 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 76 (35.0) | 63 (29.0) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 48 (22.1) | 30 (13.8) | Ā | Ā |
Timeb | ||||
āDay shift (Nā=ā2493) | Ā | Ā | 3.1 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 1120 (44.9) | 838 (33.6) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 273 (11.0) | 262 (10.5) | Ā | Ā |
āEarly night shift (Nā=ā516) | Ā | Ā | 3.7 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 208 (40.3) | 190 (36.8) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 52 (10.1) | 66 (12.8) | Ā | Ā |
āLate night shift (Nā=ā38) | Ā | Ā | 9.5 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 9 (23.7) | 19 (50.0) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 2 (5.3) | 8 (21.1) | Ā | Ā |
Location | ||||
āWard (Nā=ā2034) | Ā | Ā | 3.7 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 815 (40.1) | 774 (38.1) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 208 (10.2) | 237 (11.7) | Ā | Ā |
āIntensive care unit (Nā=ā880) | Ā | Ā | 1.9 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 498 (56.6) | 211 (24.0) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 111 (12.6) | 60 (6.8) | Ā | Ā |
āOutpatient department (Nā=ā133) | Ā | Ā | 7.8 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 24 (18.0) | 62 (46.6) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 8 (6.0) | 39 (29.3) | Ā | Ā |
Number of indications per hand hygiene opportunity | ||||
ā1 (Nā=ā2301) | Ā | Ā | 3.1 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 963 (41.9) | 801 (34.8) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 260 (11.3) | 277 (12.0) | Ā | Ā |
ā2 (Nā=ā42) | Ā | Ā | 2.7 | 0.227 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 28 (66.7) | 8 (19.0) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 3 (7.1) | 3 (7.1) | Ā | Ā |
Hand hygiene indication | ||||
āBefore touching a patient (Nā=ā270) | Ā | Ā | 3.1 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 96 (35.6) | 99 (36.7) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 32 (11.9) | 43 (15.9) | Ā | Ā |
āBefore clean/aseptic procedures (Nā=ā19) | Ā | Ā | Ā | 0.063 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 10 (52.6) | 5 (26.3) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 0 (0) | 4 (21.1) | Ā | Ā |
āAfter body fluid exposure risk (Nā=ā18) | Ā | Ā | 6.0 | 0.125 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 8 (44.4) | 6 (33.3) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 1 (5.6) | 3 (16.7) | Ā | Ā |
āAfter touching a patient (Nā=ā287) | Ā | Ā | 3.1 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 140 (48.8) | 99 (34.5) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 32 (11.1) | 16 (5.6) | Ā | Ā |
āAfter touching patient surroundings (Nā=ā56) | Ā | Ā | 1.1 | 1.000 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 16 (28.6) | 15 (26.8) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 14 (25.0) | 11 (19.6) | Ā | Ā |
Overall (Nā=ā3047) | Ā | Ā | 3.2 | <ā0.001 |
āāHand rubbing/washing | 1337 (43.9) | 1047 (34.4) | Ā | Ā |
āāNo hand rubbing/washing | 327 (10.7) | 336 (11.0) | Ā | Ā |