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Table 3 ESBL-PE colonization rates from our pooled data of 396 travellers by country visited presented with the respective figures from studies by Ruppé et al. [7] and Arcilla et al. [11]

From: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) among travellers to Africa: destination-specific data pooled from three European prospective studies

Country

Data pooled from three studiesa:

Total number of travellers (% of all visitors to Africa)

Data pooled from three studiesa:

ESBL-PE (+) cases/all visitors to country (%)

Data published by Ruppé et al.b

ESBL-PE (+) cases/all visitors to country (%)

Data published by Arcilla et al.c

ESBL-PE (+) cases/all visitors to country (%)

Northern Africa

 Egypt

17 (4.3)

12/17 (70.6)

24/30 (80.0)

 Morocco

10 (2.5)

1/10 (10.0)

8/36 (22.2)

 Tunisia

3 (0.8)

0/3 (0)

Middle Africa

 Cameroon

7 (1.8)

1/7 (14.3)

13/24 (54.2)

 Central African Republic

0/1 (0.0)

 Democratic Republic of Congo

8 (2.0)

3/8 (37.5)

 Republic of Congo

6 (1.5)

2/6 (33.3)

8/13 (61.5)

 Gabon

1 (0.3)

0/1 (0)

2/3 (66.7)

 Sao Tome and Principe

0/1 (0.0)

Eastern Africa

 Djibouti

1 (0.3)

1/1 (100.0)

 Ethiopia

14 (3.5)

2/14 (14.3)

2/4 (50.0)

 Kenya

82 (20.7)

12/82 (14.6)

4/6 (66.7)

10/30 (33.3)

 Madagascar

3 (0.8)

1/3 (33.3)

4/7 (57.1)

 Malawi

14 (3.5)

2/14 (14.3)

 Mauritius

1 (0.3)

1/1 (100.0)

 Mozambique

8 (2.0)

1/8 (12.5)

0/1 (0.0)

 Rwanda

5 (1.3)

0/5 (0)

 Tanzania

81 (20.5)

14/81 (17.3)

7/11 (63.6)

14/57 (24.6)

 Uganda

26 (6.6)

4/26 (15.4)

12/27 (44.4)

Western Africa

 Benin

13 (3.3)

1/13 (7.7)

4/11 (36.4)

 Burkina Faso

2 (0.5)

0/2 (0)

4/8 (50.0)

 Cote d Ivoire

1 (0.3)

0/1 (0)

8/17 (47.1)

 Gambia

58 (14.6)

2/58 (3.4)

8/49 (16.3)

 Ghana

23 (5.8)

6/23 (26.1)

1/1 (100.0)

8/20 (40.0)

 Guinea Bissau

1 (0.3)

0/1 (0)

0/3 (0.0)

 Liberia

3 (0.8)

0/3 (0)

 Mali

4 (1.0)

1/4 (25.0)

1/5 (20.0)

 Nigeria

7 (1.8)

1/7 (14.3)

1/1 (100.0)

 Senegal

26 (6.6)

3/26 (11.5)

17/45 (37.8)

 Sierra Leone

3 (0.8)

1/3 (33.3)

 Togo

6 (1.5)

2/6 (33.3)

9/12 (75.0)

Southern Africa

 Angola

1 (0.3)

0/1 (0)

1/3 (33.3)

 Botswana

10 (2.5)

1/10 (10.0)

 Lesotho

2 (0.5)

1/2 (50.0)

 Namibia

21 (5.3)

0/21 (0)

 South Africa

49 (12.4)

5/49 (10.2)

0/1 (0.0)

3/66 (4.5)

 Swaziland

8 (2.0)

2/8 (25.0)

 Zambia

13 (3.3)

1/13 (7.7)

 Zimbabwe

7 (1.8)

1/7 (14.3)

  1. There were no travellers to Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Guinea, Libya, Mauritania, Niger, Reunion, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan
  2. aThe same traveller may have visited several countries
  3. bOnly travellers that had visited only one country
  4. cThe colonization rates of all individual countries visited were not published