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Table 1 Demographics and risk factors of ESBL-PE acquisition in pooled data on 396 travellers from Finland and the Netherlands

From: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) among travellers to Africa: destination-specific data pooled from three European prospective studies

    

Univariate analysis

Multivariable analysis

Characteristic

total n (% of all)

ESBL-PE(+) n (%)

95% CI (%)a

P

OR

95% CI

P

AOR

95% CI

Total

396 (100.0)

61 (15.4)

       

Gender

 Male

159 (40.2)

24 (15.1)

10.1–21.2

 

1.0

    

 Female

237 (59.8)

37 (15.6)

11.4–20.6

0.889

1.0

0.6–1.8

   

Ageb

 Age, median, years

36 (IQR 27–53)

38.5 (IQR 25.5–55.5)

 

0.071

1.0

1.0–1-0

0.002

1.0

1.0–1.1

Study

 Kantele et al. [6]

196 (49.5)

25 (12.8)

8.6–17.9

 

1.0

  

1.0

 

 Paltansing et al. [4]

103 (26.0)

29 (28.2)

20.1–37.3

0.001

2.7

1.5–4.9

0.303

3.7

0.3–50.0

 Reuland et al. [10]

97 (24.5)

7 (7.2)

3.2–13.5

0.158

0.5

0.2–1.3

0.962

1.1

0.1–25.1

Sampling method

 Rectal swab

137 (34.6)

32 (23.4)

16.8–30.9

0.001

2.4

1.4–4.2

0.648

1.5

0.3–7.8

 Stool sample

259 (65.4)

29 (11.2)

7.7–15.4

 

1.0

    

Year of travelb

 (year of travel as a continuous variable)

   

0.909

1.0

0.8–1.2

0.609

0.8

0.3–2.1

 2009

122 (30.8)

17 (13.9)

8.6–20.8

      

 2010

74 (18.7)

8 (10.8)

5.1–19.2

      

 2011

103 (26.0)

29 (28.2)

20.1–37.3

      

 2012–2013

97 (24.5)

7 (7.2)

3.2–13.5

      

Destination subregion

 Southern Africa

58 (14.6)

4 (6.9)

2.2–15.3

 

1.0

  

1.0

 

 Northern Africa

28 (7.1)

12 (42.9)

25.8–61.2

< 0.001

10.1

2.9–35.8

0.001

12.4

3.1–57.3

 Middle Africa

15 (3.8)

4 (26.7)

9.2–51.5

0.042

4.9

1.1–22.7

0.056

5.6

0.9–33.6

 Eastern Africa

185 (46.7)

30 (16.2)

11.4–22.0

0.084

2.6

0.9–7.8

0.058

3.1

1.1–11.2

 Western Africa

110 (27.8)

11 (10.0)

5.3–16.5

0.505

1.5

0.5–4.9

0.528

1.5

0.4–6.2

Antibiotics

 no AB

352 (88.9)

44 (12.5)

9.3–16.2

 

1.0

    

 AB

44 (11.1)

17 (38.6)

25.2–53.4

< 0.001

4.4

2.2–8.7

   

AB: beta-lactams

 No

388 (98.0)

57 (14.7)

11.4–18.4

 

1.0

  

1.0

 

 Yes

8 (2.0)

4 (50.0)

19.1–80.9

0.022

5.8

1.4–23.9

0.118

3.4

0.5–21.9

AB: fluoroquinolones

 No

371 (93.7)

51 (13.7)

10.5–17.5

 

1.0

  

1.0

 

 Yes

25 (6.3)

10 (40.0)

22–5-59.5

0.002

4.2

1.8–9.8

0.005

4.7

1.5–13.9

AB others (other than beta-lactams or FQ)/unknown

 No

382 (96.5)

56 (14.7)

11.4–18.4

 

1.0

  

1.0

 

 Yes

14 (3.5)

5 (35.7)

14.6–61.7

0.048

3.2

1.0–10.0

0.059

3.8

0.9–14.6

Doxycycline as antimalarial

 No

362 (91.4)

56 (15.5)

12.0–19.4

 

1.0

    

 Yes

34 (8.6)

5 (14.7)

5.5–29.0

0.906

0.9

0.4–2.5

   

Travellers’ diarrhoea (TD)

 no TD

243 (61.4)

30 (12.3)

8.6–16.9

 

1.0

    

 TD

153 (38.6)

31 (20.3)

14.4–27.1

0.034

1.8

1.0–3.1

0.033

2.1

1.1–4.1

Overnight hospitalisation abroad (information missing n = 1)

 No

389 (98.5)

57 (14.7)

11.4–18.4

 

1.0

    

 Yes

6 (1.5)

4 (66.7)

28.1–100

0.006

11.6

2.1–65.1

0.004

16.5

2.5–140.5

Duration of travel, (information missing n = 1)b

 Median, days

19 (IQR 14–25)

18 (IQR 15–23)

 

0.828

1.0

1.0–1.0

0.276

1.0

1.0–1.0

  1. a95% confidence intervals are profile likelihood confidence intervals for proportion of ESBL(+) with given risk factor
  2. bstudied as a continuous variable in statistical analysis