Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | total n (% of all) | ESBL-PE(+) n (%) | 95% CI (%)a | P | OR | 95% CI | P | AOR | 95% CI |
Total | 396 (100.0) | 61 (15.4) | |||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 159 (40.2) | 24 (15.1) | 10.1–21.2 | 1.0 | |||||
Female | 237 (59.8) | 37 (15.6) | 11.4–20.6 | 0.889 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 | |||
Ageb | |||||||||
Age, median, years | 36 (IQR 27–53) | 38.5 (IQR 25.5–55.5) | 0.071 | 1.0 | 1.0–1-0 | 0.002 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | |
Study | |||||||||
Kantele et al. [6] | 196 (49.5) | 25 (12.8) | 8.6–17.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Paltansing et al. [4] | 103 (26.0) | 29 (28.2) | 20.1–37.3 | 0.001 | 2.7 | 1.5–4.9 | 0.303 | 3.7 | 0.3–50.0 |
Reuland et al. [10] | 97 (24.5) | 7 (7.2) | 3.2–13.5 | 0.158 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.962 | 1.1 | 0.1–25.1 |
Sampling method | |||||||||
Rectal swab | 137 (34.6) | 32 (23.4) | 16.8–30.9 | 0.001 | 2.4 | 1.4–4.2 | 0.648 | 1.5 | 0.3–7.8 |
Stool sample | 259 (65.4) | 29 (11.2) | 7.7–15.4 | 1.0 | |||||
Year of travelb | |||||||||
(year of travel as a continuous variable) | 0.909 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.609 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.1 | |||
2009 | 122 (30.8) | 17 (13.9) | 8.6–20.8 | ||||||
2010 | 74 (18.7) | 8 (10.8) | 5.1–19.2 | ||||||
2011 | 103 (26.0) | 29 (28.2) | 20.1–37.3 | ||||||
2012–2013 | 97 (24.5) | 7 (7.2) | 3.2–13.5 | ||||||
Destination subregion | |||||||||
Southern Africa | 58 (14.6) | 4 (6.9) | 2.2–15.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Northern Africa | 28 (7.1) | 12 (42.9) | 25.8–61.2 | < 0.001 | 10.1 | 2.9–35.8 | 0.001 | 12.4 | 3.1–57.3 |
Middle Africa | 15 (3.8) | 4 (26.7) | 9.2–51.5 | 0.042 | 4.9 | 1.1–22.7 | 0.056 | 5.6 | 0.9–33.6 |
Eastern Africa | 185 (46.7) | 30 (16.2) | 11.4–22.0 | 0.084 | 2.6 | 0.9–7.8 | 0.058 | 3.1 | 1.1–11.2 |
Western Africa | 110 (27.8) | 11 (10.0) | 5.3–16.5 | 0.505 | 1.5 | 0.5–4.9 | 0.528 | 1.5 | 0.4–6.2 |
Antibiotics | |||||||||
no AB | 352 (88.9) | 44 (12.5) | 9.3–16.2 | 1.0 | |||||
AB | 44 (11.1) | 17 (38.6) | 25.2–53.4 | < 0.001 | 4.4 | 2.2–8.7 | |||
AB: beta-lactams | |||||||||
No | 388 (98.0) | 57 (14.7) | 11.4–18.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 8 (2.0) | 4 (50.0) | 19.1–80.9 | 0.022 | 5.8 | 1.4–23.9 | 0.118 | 3.4 | 0.5–21.9 |
AB: fluoroquinolones | |||||||||
No | 371 (93.7) | 51 (13.7) | 10.5–17.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 25 (6.3) | 10 (40.0) | 22–5-59.5 | 0.002 | 4.2 | 1.8–9.8 | 0.005 | 4.7 | 1.5–13.9 |
AB others (other than beta-lactams or FQ)/unknown | |||||||||
No | 382 (96.5) | 56 (14.7) | 11.4–18.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 14 (3.5) | 5 (35.7) | 14.6–61.7 | 0.048 | 3.2 | 1.0–10.0 | 0.059 | 3.8 | 0.9–14.6 |
Doxycycline as antimalarial | |||||||||
No | 362 (91.4) | 56 (15.5) | 12.0–19.4 | 1.0 | |||||
Yes | 34 (8.6) | 5 (14.7) | 5.5–29.0 | 0.906 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.5 | |||
Travellers’ diarrhoea (TD) | |||||||||
no TD | 243 (61.4) | 30 (12.3) | 8.6–16.9 | 1.0 | |||||
TD | 153 (38.6) | 31 (20.3) | 14.4–27.1 | 0.034 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.1 | 0.033 | 2.1 | 1.1–4.1 |
Overnight hospitalisation abroad (information missing n = 1) | |||||||||
No | 389 (98.5) | 57 (14.7) | 11.4–18.4 | 1.0 | |||||
Yes | 6 (1.5) | 4 (66.7) | 28.1–100 | 0.006 | 11.6 | 2.1–65.1 | 0.004 | 16.5 | 2.5–140.5 |
Duration of travel, (information missing n = 1)b | |||||||||
Median, days | 19 (IQR 14–25) | 18 (IQR 15–23) | 0.828 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | 0.276 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 |