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Table 3 Determinants of use Xpert/MTB/RIF® in Kenya

From: Variability in distribution and use of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in Kenya: a cross-sectional survey

Characteristic

0-14yrs

Xpert® done

n (column %)

N=309

≥15yrs

Xpert® done

n (column %)

N=9,224

Model 1

0-14yrs

adjusted OR

(95% CI)

N=6,450

Model 2

≥15yrs

adjusted OR

(95% CI)

N=75,845

Model 3

Overall

adjusted OR

(95% CI)

N=82,295

Age

 

1 (≥15yrs base)

0.41 (0.36 to 0.47)

Gender

 Female

140 (45.3)

3241 (35.1)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Male

169 (54.7)

5983 (64.9)

1.13 (0.88 to 1.45)

1.09 (1.03 to 1.14)

1.09 (1.03 to 1.14)

HIV Status

 Negative

164 (53.1)

4751 (51.5)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Positive

143 (46.3)

4372 (47.4)

2.00 (1.52 to 2.61)

1.83 (1.74 to 1.93)

1.82 (1.73 to 1.92)

 Unknown

2 (0.7)

101 (1.1)

0.19 (0.05 to 0.78)

0.81 (0.65 to 1.01)

0.76 (0.61 to 0.94)

Nutrition Status

 Normal

40 (12.9)

3379 (36.6)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Underweight

238 (77.0)

5132 (55.6)

1.97 (1.36 to 2.83)

1.13 (1.07 to 1.19)

1.15 (1.09 to 1.21)

 Overweight/obese

3 (1.0)

360 (3.9)

0.94 (0.26 to 3.36)

0.88 (0.77 to 0.99)

0.88 (0.78 to 1.00)

 Unknown

28 (9.1)

353 (3.8)

1.34 (0.79 to 2.27)

0.64 (0.56 to 0.73)

0.67 (0.59 to 0.76)

Type of patient

 New patient/transfer in

277 (89.6)

6497 (70.4)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Relapse/Default/Failure

32 (10.4)

2727 (29.6)

4.19 (2.60 to 6.75)

7.97 (7.47 to 8.50)

7.81 (7.33 to 8.33)

Sector

 Public

242 (78.3)

7692 (83.4)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Private

62 (20.1)

1373 (14.9)

0.93 (0.63 to 1.37)

0.85 (0.75 to 0.97)

0.85 (0.75 to 0.97)

 FBOsa

5 (1.6)

159 (1.7)

0.62 (0.19 to 2.11)

0.99 (0.67 to 1.46)

0.99 (0.68 to 1.45)

Health Facility Level

 Lower levelb

174 (56.3)

5737 (62.2)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Higher levelc

120 (38.8)

3165 (34.3)

1.18 (0.80 to 1.74)

0.91 (0.79 to 1.05)

0.91 (0.79 to 1.06)

 Unknown

15 (4.9)

322 (3.5)

1.99 (1.01 to 3.92)

1.01 (0.82 to 1.26)

1.04 (0.84 to 1.28)

Patient from an Xpert® site

 Not from Xpert® site

228 (73.8)

6778 (73.5)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 From Xpert® site

81 (26.2)

2446 (26.5)

1.17 (0.74 to 1.85)

2.30 (1.86 to 2.82)

2.23 (1.82 to 2.74)

County Poverty Levels (from poorest to richest)

 Quartile 1

53 (17.2)

1839 (19.9)

1 (base)

1 (base)

1 (base)

 Quartile 2

78 (25.2)

2875 (31.2)

0.85 (0.39 to 1.86)

1.22 (0.60 to 2.48)

1.19 (0.60 to 2.37)

 Quartile 3

103 (33.3)

2802 (30.4)

1.04 (0.48 to 2.26)

1.34 (0.66 to 2.74)

1.32 (0.66 to 2.62)

 Quartile 4

75 (24.3)

1708 (18.5)

0.54 (0.25 to 1.18)

0.64 (0.32 to 1.27)

0.62 (0.32 to 1.21)

Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC)

 County

 

0.04 (0.02 to 0.11)

0.07 (0.04 to 0.11)

0.07 (0.04 to 0.11)

 Health facility

0.26 (0.18 to 0.37)

0.24 (0.21 to 0.27)

0.24 (0.21 to 0.27)

  1. aFBOs Faith Based Organisations
  2. bPrimary referral facilities
  3. cSecondary and tertiary referral facilities