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Table 1 Detected KS in Egypt with phenotypic consequences and references, adapted from CDC’s Inventory

From: Unlocking pandemic potential: prevalence and spatial patterns of key substitutions in avian influenza H5N1 in Egyptian isolates

Protein

Amino Acid Change(s)

Detections in Egypt

Previously Reported in Egypt

Phenotypic Consequences

HA

D94N

738

Yes

Increased viral binding to alpha,2–6; enhanced virus fusion [59]

 

S133A

40

Yes

Increased pseudovirus binding to alpha,2–6 [77]

 

A134V

1

Yes

Increased infectivity in SIAT Cells [78, 79]

 

G139R

7

No

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [80]

 

S155N

470

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81]

 

T156A

656

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 and increased transmission in guinea pigs [81, 82]

 

N182K

3

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [78, 80, 83]

 

E186G

1

No

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [25]

 

T188I

17

Yes

Increased pseudovirus binding to alpha,2–6 [77]

 

K189R

722

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81]

 

Q192R/H

11

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [25, 80, 84]

 

N193K

1

No

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [80]

 

V210I

12

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [84]

 

S223N

6

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [25, 78, 83, 85, 86]

 

P235S

733

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [84]

 

E75K, S123P

1

No

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [80]

 

L129-, I151T

453

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [84, 87]

 

S133A, T188I

1

No

Increased pseudovirus binding to alpha,2–6 [77]

 

S155N, T156A

359

Yes

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81]

 

S155N, T156A, S223N

3

No

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6; reduced lethality and systemic spread in mice [42]

 

T156A, S223N

6

No

Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81]

M1

N30D

99

Yes

Increased virulence in mice [88]

 

T215A

100

No

Increased virulence in mice [88]

M2

V27A

1

No

Reduced susceptibility to amantadine and rimantadine [89,90,91,92]

 

S31N/G

53

Yes

Reduced susceptibility to amantadine and rimantadine [89, 90, 93,94,95,96,97]

NA

49–68 deletion

366

Yes

Enhanced virulence in mice [98, 99]

 

I97V

1

No

Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir [100,101,102]

 

I203M/V/L/K/R

1

No

Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir [103,104,105,106,107]

 

H254Y/R

379

No

Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and peramivir [103, 108,109,110,111,112]

 

N275S

4

Yes

Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir [106, 108, 109, 113,114,115]

NS1

P42S

118

Yes

Increased virulence in mice [116]

 

80–84 deletion

128

Yes

Increased virulence in mice [117, 118]

 

L98F

111

No

Increased virulence in mice [119, 120]

 

I101M

118

No

Increased virulence in mice [119, 120]

NS1 & NS2

N200S (NS1), T47A (NS2)

38

No

Decreased antiviral response in host [121]

PB1-F2

N66S

1

Yes

Increased virulence, replication efficiency, and antivirus response in mice [43,44,45]

PB2

E627K

94

Yes

Increased replication efficiency in cell culture and enhanced virulence in mice; enhanced polymerase activity and mammalian host adaptation; transmissible among ferrets [29, 31, 122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131]

 

D701N

1

No

Enhanced replication efficiency, increased virulence and transmission in guinea pigs; mammalian host adaptation; increased virulence in mice [27, 82, 127, 132]

 

L89V, G309D, T339L, R477G, I495V, L627E, A676T

1

No

Enhanced polymerase activity and increased virulence in mice [60]