Protein | Amino Acid Change(s) | Detections in Egypt | Previously Reported in Egypt | Phenotypic Consequences |
---|---|---|---|---|
HA | D94N | 738 | Yes | Increased viral binding to alpha,2–6; enhanced virus fusion [59] |
 | S133A | 40 | Yes | Increased pseudovirus binding to alpha,2–6 [77] |
 | A134V | 1 | Yes | |
 | G139R | 7 | No | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [80] |
 | S155N | 470 | Yes | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81] |
 | T156A | 656 | Yes | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 and increased transmission in guinea pigs [81, 82] |
 | N182K | 3 | Yes | |
 | E186G | 1 | No | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [25] |
 | T188I | 17 | Yes | Increased pseudovirus binding to alpha,2–6 [77] |
 | K189R | 722 | Yes | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81] |
 | Q192R/H | 11 | Yes | |
 | N193K | 1 | No | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [80] |
 | V210I | 12 | Yes | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [84] |
 | S223N | 6 | Yes | |
 | P235S | 733 | Yes | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [84] |
 | E75K, S123P | 1 | No | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [80] |
 | L129-, I151T | 453 | Yes | |
 | S133A, T188I | 1 | No | Increased pseudovirus binding to alpha,2–6 [77] |
 | S155N, T156A | 359 | Yes | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81] |
 | S155N, T156A, S223N | 3 | No | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6; reduced lethality and systemic spread in mice [42] |
 | T156A, S223N | 6 | No | Increased virus binding to alpha,2–6 [81] |
M1 | N30D | 99 | Yes | Increased virulence in mice [88] |
 | T215A | 100 | No | Increased virulence in mice [88] |
M2 | V27A | 1 | No | Reduced susceptibility to amantadine and rimantadine [89,90,91,92] |
 | S31N/G | 53 | Yes | Reduced susceptibility to amantadine and rimantadine [89, 90, 93,94,95,96,97] |
NA | 49–68 deletion | 366 | Yes | |
 | I97V | 1 | No | |
 | I203M/V/L/K/R | 1 | No | |
 | H254Y/R | 379 | No | Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and peramivir [103, 108,109,110,111,112] |
 | N275S | 4 | Yes | Reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir [106, 108, 109, 113,114,115] |
NS1 | P42S | 118 | Yes | Increased virulence in mice [116] |
 | 80–84 deletion | 128 | Yes | |
 | L98F | 111 | No | |
 | I101M | 118 | No | |
NS1 & NS2 | N200S (NS1), T47A (NS2) | 38 | No | Decreased antiviral response in host [121] |
PB1-F2 | N66S | 1 | Yes | Increased virulence, replication efficiency, and antivirus response in mice [43,44,45] |
PB2 | E627K | 94 | Yes | Increased replication efficiency in cell culture and enhanced virulence in mice; enhanced polymerase activity and mammalian host adaptation; transmissible among ferrets [29, 31, 122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131] |
 | D701N | 1 | No | Enhanced replication efficiency, increased virulence and transmission in guinea pigs; mammalian host adaptation; increased virulence in mice [27, 82, 127, 132] |
 | L89V, G309D, T339L, R477G, I495V, L627E, A676T | 1 | No | Enhanced polymerase activity and increased virulence in mice [60] |