Table 3 Unadjusted Odds Ratio for the relationship between ARI symptoms, household environmental characteristics, and maternal and child characteristics, Nigeria, 2003-2013

 Unclean cooking fuel

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

2.50 (1.16–5.42)*

 Cooking inside the house

NA

 Smoking by household members

1.08 (0.88–1.33)

2.24 (0.94–5.32)

1.20 (0.89–1.61)

 Improved source of drinking water

0.66 (0.49–0.89)*

0.86 (0.73–1.03)

0.79 (0.67–0.96)*

 Improved toilet

0.89 (0.70–1.14)

0.83 (0.71–0.96)*

0.79 (0.67–0.95)*

  Poor

NA

1.34 (1.11–1.61)*

1.59 (1.32–1.93)*

  Average

NA

1.28 (1.03–1.59)*

1.48 (1.19–1.85)*

  Good

NA

1.00

1.00

  Over-crowded sleeping room

0.95 (0.79–1.14)

0.87 (0.77–1.00)

0.93 (0.79–1.10)

  Poor

1.45 (1.13–1.85)*

1.40 (1.15–1.70)*

1.78 (1.43–2.22)*

  Middle

1.42 (1.09–1.84)*

1.30 (1.06–1.61)*

1.88 (1.49–2.36)*

  Rich

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Rural

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Urban

0.82 (0.63–1.06)

0.93 (0.75–1.16)

0.74 (0.58–0.93)*

  North West

1.29 (0.83–2.02)

1.67 (1.13–2.48)*

4.55 (2.69–7.67)*

  North East

2.38 (1.56–3.62)*

5.28 (3.60–7.75)*

13.00 (8.23–20.53)*

  North Central

0.98 (0.59–1.65)

1.87 (1.24–2.81)*

1.89 (1.13–3.15)*

  South East

1.34 (0.78–2.31)

3.20 (2.13–4.83)*

7.00 (4.29–11.42)*

  South South

1.71 (1.05–2.79)*

3.26 (2.18–4.88)*

4.55 (2.79–7.42)*

  South West

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Dry season

1.68 (1.32–2.14)*

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

1.58 (1.21–2.06)*

  Rainy season

1.00

1.00

1.00

  <  20

1.51 (0.94–2.43)

1.41 (0.99–2.01)

1.24 (0.89–1.70)

  20–29

1.09 (0.76–1.56)

1.23 (0.96–1.57)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

  30–39

1.06 (0.74–1.52)

1.01 (0.79–1.30)

0.86 (0.69–1.06)

  > = 40

1.00

1.00

1.00

  None

1.43 (1.11–1.85)*

1.21 (0.99–1.47)

1.01 (0.83–1.22)

  Primary

1.34 (1.03–1.780*

1.22 (1.01–1.47)*

1.24 (1.02–1.50)*

  Secondary/higher

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Not working

0.99 (0.57–1.69)

1.24 (0.89–1.74)

1.31 (0.98–1.74)

  Professional/services

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Sales

1.05 (0.63–1.77)

1.17 (0.84–1.62)

0.85 (0.65–1.11)

  Agriculture/manual

1.01 (0.59–1.69)

1.73 (1.22–2.43)*

1.50 (1.14–1.99)*

  0–11

1.99 (1.58–2.51)*

1.43 (1.22–1.67)*

1.83 (1.57–2.14)*

  12–23

1.80 (1.40–2.32)*

1.92 (1.67–2.20)*

2.36 (2.02–2.76)*

  24–35

1.46 (1.12–1.89)*

1.35 (1.14–1.60)*

1.78 (1.49–2.12)*

  > = 36

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Male

1.03 (0.86–1.22)

0.99 (0.88–1.11)

1.04 (0.93–1.17)

  Female

1.00

1.00

1.00

  1

1.00

1.00

1.00

  2–3

0.96 (0.76–1.22)

0.86 (0.74–1.00)

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

  4–5

1.09 (0.85–1.39)

0.83 (0.69–1.01)

1.01 (0.84–1.22)

  6+

1.03 (0.79–1.33)

1.02 (0.85–1.23)

1.29 (1.06–1.57)*

  Yes

0.93 (0.78–1.12)

1.19 (1.06–1.36)*

1.03 (0.88–1.20)

  No

1.00

1.00

1.00