Table 1 Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of 199 patients hospitalised with severe dengue in 2014

Age, years

197

30.8 (24.7–41.3)

20

43.5 (30.3–54.8)

177

30.2 (23.9–38.9)

0.0003

BMI

117

24.9 (21.3–29.7)

6

23.6 (22.7–24.1)

111

25.3 (21.3–30.0)

0.29

Gender, Male

199

127 (63.8%)

20

13 (65%)

179

114 (63.7%)

0.91

Presence of any co-morbidity

198

62 (31.2%)

20

9 (45%)

178

53 (29.6%)

0.16

 COPD/BA

9 (4.6%)

0 (0%)

9 (5.1%)

 DM

24 (12.1%)

5 (25%)

19 (10.7%)

 Hypertension

9 (4.6%)

2 (10%)

7 (3.9%)

 IHD

2 (1%)

1 (5%)

1 (0.6%)

 Pregnancy

8 (4%)

1 (5%)

7 (3.9%)

 Others

10 (5.1%)

0 (0%)

10 (5.6%)

Multiple co-morbidities

198

20 (10.1%)

20

5 (25%)

178

15 (8.4%)

0.04^a

NS1

198

132 (66.7%)

20

13 (65%)

178

119 (66.9%)

0.87

High-titre IgG

198

47 (23.7%)

20

5 (25%)

178

42 (23.6%)

0.89

IgM

198

115 (58.1%)

20

14 (70%)

178

101 (56.7%)

0.25

Persistent vomiting

198

114 (57.6%)

20

14 (70%)

178

100 (56.2%)

0.24

Abdominal pain

198

89 (45%)

20

7 (35%)

178

82 (46.1%)

0.35

Lethargy

198

96 (48.5%)

20

15 (75%)

178

81 (45.5%)

0.01

Palpable liver

198

16 (8.1%)

20

2 (10%)

178

14 (7.9%)

0.67^a

Fluid accumulation

198

44 (22.2%)

20

4 (20%)

178

40 (22.5%)

1.00^a

Bleed

198

49 (24.8%)

20

13 (65%)

178

36 (20.2%)

< 0.0001^a

Hct > 46

198

77 (38.9%)

20

10 (50%)

178

67 (37.6%)

0.28

Low Plt < 46

198

106 (53.5%)

20

15 (75%)

178

91 (51.1%)

0.04

Albumin < 34

198

106 (53.5%)

20

13 (65%)

178

93 (52.3%)

0.28

Number of warning signs

199

20

179

NS^b

0

9 (4.5%)

0 (0%)

9 (5.03%)

1

17 (8.5%)

0 (0%)

17 (9.5%)

2

35 (17.6%)

2 (10%)

33 (18.4%)

3

35 (17.6%)

4 (20%)

31 (17.3%)

4

49 (24.6%)

6 (30%)

43 (24.0%)

5

29 (14.6%)

2 (10%)

27 (15.1%)

6

16 (8%)

3 (15%)

13 (7.3%)

7

5 (2.5%)

0 (0%)

5 (2.8%)

8

3 (1.5%)

2 (10%)

1 (0.6%)

9

1 (0.5%)

1 (5%)

0 (0%)

Presence of any warning signs

198

190 (95.5%)

20

20 (100%)

178

170 (95.0%)

1.00^a

 Decompensated shock

58 (29.1%)

10 (50%)

48 (26.8%)

 Compensated shock

69 (34.7%)

4 (20%)

65 (36.3%)

 Respiratory compromise

42 (21.1%)

2 (10%)

40 (22.3%)

 Severe bleeding

24 (12.1%)

10 (50%)

14 (7.8%)

 Severe hepatitis

40 (20.1%)

8 (40%)

32 (17.9%)

 AKI

35 (17.6%)

8 (40%)

27 (15.1%)

 Encephalitis

6 (3.0%)

2 (10%)

4 (2.2%)

 Other

5 (2.5%)

1 (5%)

4 (2.2%)

Number of types of severe dengue

NS^b

 1

139 (69.8%)

12 (60%)

127 (70.9%)

 2

53 (26.6%)

4 (20%)

49 (27.4%)

 3

5 (2.5%)

3 (15%)

2 (1.1%)

 4

2 (1.0%)

1 (5%)

1 (0.6%)

Blood products given

198

57 (28.8%)

20

18 (90%)

178

39 (21.9%)

< 0.0001

SBP, mmHg

198

103 (90–120)

20

98 (87–133)

178

103 (90–118)

0.88

DBP, mmHg

198

63 (53–74)

20

60.5 (48–84)

178

63 (54–74)

0.92

MAP, mmHg

198

77 (65–89)

20

74.3 (61–102)

178

77.3 (66–88)

0.96

PR, beats per minute

197

98 (86–110)

20

110 (102–120)

177

96 (86–109)

0.01

Shock Index, bpm/mmHg

197

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

20

1.3 (1.0–1.9)

177

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.25

RR, breaths/min

182

20 (18–24)

20

22 (19–30)

162

20(18–23)

0.07

WBC, ×10³/μL

198

4.2 (2.9–5.7)

20

5.3 (2.7–8.4)

178

4.1 (2.9–5.6)

0.15

Hb, g/dL

198

14.2(12.3–16.2)

20

13.9 (11.7–17.1)

178

14.2 (12.3–16.1)

0.97

Hct, %

198

42 (37–47.0)

20

42.5 (31.0–49.5)

178

42 (37.0–47.0)

0.91

Platelet, × 10³/μL

197

43 (16–97)

20

26 (8–41)

177

53 (18–105)

0.005

Serum creatinine, μmol/L

195

79 (63–101)

20

110 (67–333)

175

75 (63–97)

0.01

AST, U/L

184

165 (66–600)

19

1175 (123–1920)

165

152 (63–456)

0.01

ALT, U/L

192

104 (34–257)

20

365 (62–755)

172

95 (31–211)

0.01

Troponin T, ng/mL

17

0.02 (0.009–0.3)

6

0.4 (0.05–1.9)

11

0.009 (0.007–0.03)

0.10

Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L

192

21.1 (18.5–23.1)

20

16.2 (11.2–18.8)

172

21.5 (19.4–23.2)

< 0.0001

Serum lactate, mmol/L

149

1.6 (1.1–2.3)

19

3.2 (2.1–6.5)

130

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

< 0.0001

Nadir WBC, × 10³/μL

198

2.7 (1.94–3.8)

20

2.6 (2.1–4.1)

178

2.7 (1.9–3.7)

0.47

Highest Hct, %

198

45.1 (40.9–49.0)

20

46.9 (41.0–50.2)

178

45.0 (40.9–49.0)

0.38

Nadir Platelet, × 10³/μL

198

18 (7–44)

20

7 (2–21)

178

19 (8–45)

0.005

Highest serum creatinine, μmol/L

198

87 (69–112)

20

249 (175–378)

178

83 (68–102)

< 0.0001

Highest AST, U/L

193

262 (100–1024)

20

4763 (658–21,547)

173

244 (98–589)

< 0.0001

Highest ALT, U/L

197

147 (58–450)

20

1243 (243–3780)

177

117 (55–303)

< 0.0001

Highest Troponin T, ng/mL

22

0.01 (0.005–0.3)

5

0.7 (0.1–1.9)

17

0.01 (0.005–0.03)

0.07

Lowest Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L

195

19.5 (16.9–21.4)

20

8.5 (6.7–13.1)

175

19.9 (17.9–21.5)

< 0.0001

Highest Serum lactate, mmol/L

189

1.9 (1.3–2.8)

20

16.0 (6.7–18.5)

169

1.8 (1.2–2.3)

< 0.0001

Total fluids given, mL

193

6034 (3470–8707)

20

9808 (7184–16,692)

173

5610 (3307–8259)

0.0004