Table 1 Demographic, immunologic and virologic characteristics of study participants according to group

Age in years (mean ± standard deviation)

38.5 ± 8.2

37.9 ± 12.3

37.9 ± 9.7

43.8 ± 11.4

Males (%)

22 (47%)

22 (47%)

16 (39%)

25 (41%)

 African

31 (67%)

18 (38%)

17 (44%)

5(14%)

 Mixed

14 (32%)

25 (53%)

22 (56%)

30 (81%)

 Caucasian

1 (1%)

3 (7%)

–

2 (5%)

 Asian

–

1 (2%)

–

–

Body mass index

24.3 ± 5.1

28.0 ± 9.0

24.6 ± 3.5

27.0 ± 5.9

Alcohol consumption

8/46 (17%)

9/47 (19%)

11/39 (28%)

14/37 (38%)

Herbal medicine use (current/past)

1/46 (2%)

5/47 (11%)

1/39 (3%)

5/37 (14%)

ART, months

Median (IQR)

36 (23–63)

n/a

36 (12–63)

n/a

CD4 count, (cells/μL)

Median (IQR)

328

(242–562)

922

(647–1297)

528

(367–657)

1031

(790–1215)

CD4/CD8 ratio

Median (IQR)

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

0.7 (0.6–1.0)

1.6 (1.3–2.1)

CD4 nadir

256 (144–369)

281 (169–440)

Detectable plasma HIV-1 viral load

10/36 (27.8%)

n/a

6/33 (18.1%)

n/a

HIV-1 viral load > 1000 copies/ml^a

6/36 (17%)

n/a

3/33 (9.1%)

n/a

Detectable plasma HBV DNA

22/45 (49%)

32/44 (73%)

n/a

n/a

Plasma HBV DNA > 2000 IU/ml^c

12/45 (26%)

15/44 (32%)

n/a

n/a

HBeAg positive, (%)

13/46 (28%)

6/46 (13%)

n/a

n/a