Fig. 5

PWC analysis of the climate-plague nexus in the five countries in Western Europe in AD1347–1760. Panels in the left column are the PWC analysis of temperature and plague, with the effect of aridity index controlled: (a) UK, (b) France, (c) Germany, (d) Italy, and (e) Spain. Panels in the right column are the PWC analysis of aridity index and plague, with the effect of temperature controlled: (f) UK, (g) France, (h) Germany, (i) Italy, and (j) Spain. The color code for the spectrum refers to the significance of the relationship, ranging from dark red (high values) to dark blue (low values). Region with significant coherency (p < 0.05) against red noise is indicated by the black contour line. In the graph, the cone of influence indicates regions not influenced by edge effect