Table 4 Univariate analysis of risk factors for Buruli ulcer disease in Zio and Yoto districts of Maritime Region, Togo, May 19–30, 2015
Characteristics | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | Univariable OR (95% CI) | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Farming | 77 (92.8) | 120 (93.8) | 0.86 (0.29–2.56) | 0.78 |
Farming activities | ||||
Plowing | 79 (83.1) | 117 (91.4) | 0.46 (0.19–1.01) | 0.07 |
Sowing | 73 (88.0) | 123 (96.1) | 0.29 (0.09–0.90) | 0.03 |
Harvesting | 74 (89.2) | 125 (97.7) | 0.19 (0.05–0.75) | 0.01 |
Exposure to water | ||||
Primary source of drinking water | ||||
River or stream | 38 (45.8) | 58 (45.3) | 1.02 (0.58–1.77) | 0.95 |
Open borehole | 15 (18.1) | 23 (18.0) | 1.0 (0.49–2.01) | 0.98 |
Borehole with pump | 75 (90.4) | 119 (93.0) | 0.71 (0.26–1.92) | 0.49 |
Primary source of washing water | ||||
River or stream | 42 (50.6) | 60 (46.9) | 1.16 (0.68–2.02) | 0.59 |
Open borehole | 21 (25.3) | 28 (21.9) | 1.21 (0.63–2.31) | 0.56 |
Borehole with pump | 73 (88.0) | 116 (90.6) | 0.75 (0.31–1.83) | 0.54 |
Bathing with a water from an open borehole | 9 (10.8) | 3 (2.3) | 5.07 (1.33–19.31) | 0.01 |
Standing water in house | 10 (12.0) | 18 (14.1) | 0.86 (0.38–1.97) | 0.72 |
Swam, waded or bathed in a river or stream | 37 (44.6) | 37 (28.9) | 1.98 (1.11–3.52) | 0.02 |
Crossed a body of water | 48 (57.8) | 55 (43.0) | 1.93 (1.09–3.39) | 0.02 |
Received cuts, scratches and thorn pricks near a river | 49 (62.8) | 60 (47.2) | 1.88 (1.06–3.36) | 0.03 |
Exposure to insect bite | ||||
Received insect bite near a river | 50 (64.9) | 59 (46.5) | 2.13 (1.19–3.83) | 0.01 |
location of insect bite on the body | ||||
Head | 48 (57.8) | 56 (43.8) | 1.76 (1.01–3.08) | 0.05 |
Forearms | 50 (60.2) | 57 (44.5) | 1.88 (1.08–3.31) | 0.03 |
Arms | 50 (60.2) | 59 (46.1) | 1.77 (1.01–3.10) | 0.04 |
Hands | 49 (59.0) | 57 (44.5) | 1.79 (1.03–3.14) | 0.04 |
trunk | 48 (57.8) | 57 (44.5) | 1.70 (0.98–2.98) | 0.06 |
thigh | 48 (57.8) | 56 (43.8) | 1.76 (1.01–3.08) | 0.05 |
Legs | 48 (57.8) | 57 (44.5) | 1.70 (0.98–2.98) | 0.06 |
Feet | 48 (57.8) | 57 (44.5) | 1.70 (0.98–2.98) | 0.06 |
Mosquito bite in house | 75 (90.4) | 124 (96.9) | 0.95 (0.48–1.89) | 0.90 |
Exposure to animals | ||||
Owned livestock or pets | 60 (77.9) | 100 (78.7) | 0.95 (0.48–1.89) | 0.89 |
Handled livestock or pets | 12 (15.6) | 26 (20.6) | 0.71 (0.33–1.50) | 0.37 |
Share indoor living space with livestock or pets | 24 (32.4) | 37 (29.4) | 1.15 (0.62–2.14) | 0.65 |
Bitten or scratched by animals | 5 (6.7) | 10 (7.8) | 0.84 (0.27–2.56) | 0.76 |
Exposure to infectious agents | ||||
BCG vaccination | 41 (51.2) | 64 (50.4) | 1.03 (0.59–1.181) | 0.90 |
Soap use while bathing | ||||
Sometimes | 5 (6.4) | 10 (7.9) | 1 | |
Always | 73 (93.6) | 117 (92.1) | 0.80 (0.26–2.43) | 0.69 |
Soap use while washing | ||||
Sometimes | 5 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | |
Always | 78 (94.0) | 128 (100.0) | 0.38 (0.32–0.45) | 0.01 |
Clothing worn while farming | ||||
Trousers | 40 (48.2) | 92 (71.9) | 0.36 (0.20–0.65) | 0.001 |
Top shirt | 76 (91.6) | 120 (93.8) | 0.72 (0.25–2.01) | 0.55 |
Closed shoes | 9 (10.8) | 26 (20.3) | 0.48 (0.21–1.08) | 0.07 |
Dress | 34 (41.0) | 48 (37.5) | 1.16 (0.66–2.03) | 0.61 |
Open shoes | 73 (88.0) | 110 (85.9) | 1.19 (0.522–2.73) | 0.67 |
Hat | 6 (7.2) | 35 (27.3) | 0.21 (0.08–0.52) | 0.001 |
Clothing worn in non-farming activity | ||||
Trousers | 33 (39.8) | 61 (47.7) | 0.72 (0.41–1.27) | 0.26 |
Top shirt | 73 (88.0) | 118 (92.2) | 0.62 (0.25–1.56) | 0.31 |
Closed shoes | 4 (4.8) | 5 (3.9) | 1.25 (0.32–4.78) | 0.74 |
Dress | 33 (39.8) | 54 (42.2) | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 0.73 |
Open shoes | 72 (86.7) | 114 (89.1) | 0.80 (0.35–1.87) | 0.61 |
Hat | 1 (1.2) | 7 (5.5) | 0.21 (0.25–1.75) | 0.15 |
Insect protection products use | ||||
Sometimes | 74 (96.1) | 118 (92.2) | 1 | 0.27 |
Always | 3 (3.9) | 10 (7.8) | 0.59 (0.22–1.64) | |
Bednets use | ||||
Sometimes | 40 (51.3) | 76 (59.4) | 1 | |
Always | 38 (48.7) | 52 (40.6) | 0.72 (0.41–1.27) | 0.26 |
Perception and etiology of the BUD | 68 (88.3) | 113 (88.3) | 1.00 (0.42–2.42) | 0.99 |
Behavior and beliefs | ||||
Poor hygiene cause Buruli ulcer | 57 (81.4) | 116 (91.3) | 0.42 (0.17–0.99) | 0.04 |
Seeking treatment with plants | 4 (5.3) | 10 (7.9) | 0.64 (0.19–2.12) | 0.47 |