Age, sex | Cardiac valve | Etiology | Type of AV malformations | Treatment (duration days/weeks) | Outcome | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
62 F | MP | S.mitis | Skin, nose and mouth TA | Piperacillin + cefazolin (32 d); valve replacement | Success | No AVMs in the lung, brain, liver, gastrointestinal tract or urinary bladder. The patient reported frequent episodes of epistaxis | 21 |
79 F | MN | MSSA | Nose TA, hepatic AVMs | Oxacillin (4 w) + gentamicin (5 d); valve replacement | Dead | Nasal packing for epistaxis reported as a likely portal of entry; the authors propose that in patients with HHT treatment of nasal carriage of S.aureus with mupirocine is proposed | 22 |
73 M | AP | No isolation from blood/valve tissue | Nose TA | Unspecified broad-spectrum antibiotics; valve replacement | Success | 23 | |
61 F | AN; AP | MRSA | Nose TA, pulmonary/hepatic AVMs | Unspecified antibiotics; emergency surgery; reoperation (Bentall operation) | Relapse, then success | Cardiogenic shock; Relapse of endocarditis on the prosthetic aortic valve; success after reoperation (Bentall operation) and antibiotics The authors define the pulmonary AVMs of this patient at high risk for infection (they were treated with coil embolization) | 24 |
65 F | AP | S.epidermidis | Nose TA, pulmonary AVMs | Unspecified antibiotics (>6 w); complex surgery | Success (alive at 9 month follow-up) | The authors propose that PVE in this patient resulted from her anterior nasal packing for recurrent epistaxis with bacteria not trapped because of the pulmonary AVMs. They conclude that recurrent epistaxis may increase the risk of IE, and that patients with HHT and recurrent epistaxis require long-term follow-up. | 25 |
65 M | PN | S.epidermidis | Nose TA, hepatic AVMs | Rifampin + linezolid (4 w) then linezolid (2 w); surgery (valvuloplasty) | Success (alive at 2 years follow-up) | The authors state that the infection probably came from the nasal mucosa | 26 |