The global effect of maternal education on complete childhood vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Forshaw, Jennifer; Gerver, Sarah M.; Gill, Moneet; Cooper, Emily; Manikam, Logan; Ward, Helen

doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2890-y

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 2 Study results

From: The global effect of maternal education on complete childhood vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reference	Maternal education parameter	# children whose mothers had education level	# children who have received full vaccination schedule	% children who received full vaccination schedule (1 d.p.)	cOR for vaccination (2 d.p.)
Al-Sheikh et al. 1999a [17]	Illiterate	27	22	81.5	1
	Reads and writes	69	41	59.4	0.33
	Primary	78	42	53.8	0.27
	Intermediate	32	22	68.8	0.5
	Secondary	53	29	54.7	0.27
	Institute	43	27	62.8	0.38
	College	23	12	52.2	0.25
	Postgraduate	1	1	100	/
Al-Sheikh et al. 1999b [17]	Illiterate	143	34	23.8	1
	Reads and writes	121	34	28.1	1.25
	Primary	50	10	20	0.8
	Intermediate	5	2	40	2.14
	Secondary	7	5	71.4	8.01
	Institute	6	4	66.7	6.41
	College	4	4	100	/
	Postgraduate	0	/	/	/
Animaw et al. 2014 [24]	None	262	150	57.3	1.00
	Primary	252	211	83.8	3.84
	High school	116	100	86.2	4.66
Antai 2009 [4]	No education	2155	169	7.8	1
	Primary	805	142	17.6	2.52
	Secondary or higher	771	194	25.2	3.95
Antai 2012 [20]	No education	12,265	722	5.9	1
	Primary school	5724	1159	20.2	4.06
	Secondary school or higher	6921	2402	34.7	8.50
Bbaale et al. 2013 [25]	No education	1824	967	53.0	1.00
	Primary	4686	2484	53.0	1.00
	Secondary	896	520	58.0	1.23
	Post-secondary	185	117	63.2	1.52
Branco et al. 2014 [26]	0–8 years of schooling	151	116	76.8	1.00
Branco et al. 2014 [26]	>8 years of schooling	130	117	90	2.72
Brenner et al. 2001 [27]	<12 years	145	55_a	38	1
Brenner et al. 2001 [27]	≥12 years	179	77_a	43	1.23
Calhoun et al. 2014 [28]	0–7 years of schooling	132	35	26.5	1.00
Calhoun et al. 2014 [28]	≥8 years of schooling	23	11	47.8	2.54
Chhabra et al. 2007 [29]	Nil	378_b	130	34.4	1
	1–8 years	106_b	51	48.1	1.77
	>8 years	209_b	106	50.7	1.96
Danis et al. 2010 [18]	<9 years	536	278	51.9	1
	9–11 years	429	240	55.9	1.18
	12 years (high school)	1336	859	64.3	1.67
	College/ university graduate	985	670	68	1.97
Elliott et al. 2006a [30]	Illiterate	332_b	240	72.3	1
Elliott et al. 2006a [30]	Literate	139_b	123	88.5	2.95
Elliott et al. 2006b [30]	Illiterate	318_b	210	66	1
Elliott et al. 2006b [30]	Literate	127_b	113	89	4.15
Elliott et al. 2006c [30]	Illiterate	139_b	73	52.5	1
Elliott et al. 2006c [30]	Literate	49_b	35	71.4	2.26
Fatiregun et al. 2012 [31]	Primary/ secondary	297	76	25.6	1
Fatiregun et al. 2012 [31]	Post secondary	228	94	41.2	2.04
Fatiregun et al. 2013 [32]	None	129	24	18.6	1.00
	Primary	468	128	27.4	1.65
	Secondary	523	225	43.0	3.30
	Tertiary	58	51	87.9	31.88
Huq et al. 2008 [33]	Below primary	485	307_a	63.3	1
	Secondary	221	164_a	74.2	1.67
	Higher secondary	49	46_a	93.9	8.92
Jahn et al. 2008 [34]	<5 years primary	237	140	59.1	1
	Primary 5 + years	1364	903	66.2	1.36
	Sec./tert.	304	233	76.6	2.27
Kidane et al. 2003 [35]	Illiterate	92	66	71.7	1
Kidane et al. 2003 [35]	Literate	18	17	94.4	6.70
Koumaré et al. 2009 [36]	Mother not educated	639	376_a	58.8	1
Koumaré et al. 2009 [36]	Mother educated	111	73_a	65.8	1.35
Kumar et al. 2010 [37]	≤primary	223	12	5.4	1
Kumar et al. 2010 [37]	>primary	92	46	50.0	17.58
Luman et al. 2003 [38]	<High school	3157	2147_a	68.0	1
	High school	7160	5191_a	72.5	1.24
	>High school	4375	3233_a	73.9	1.33
	College graduate	8698	6915_a	79.5	1.82
Mohamud et al. 2014 [39]	Illiterate	510	167	32.7	1.00
Mohamud et al. 2014 [39]	Litterate	72	46	63.9	3.63
Odusanya et al. 2008 [40]	None/ primary	107	57	53.3	1
Odusanya et al. 2008 [40]	Secondary/ university	232	153	65.9	1.70
Okoro et al. 2014 [41]	No formal education	12	7	58.3	1.00
	Primary	33	16	48.5	0.67
	Secondary	55	36	65.5	1.35
	Post-secondary	28	24	85.7	4.29
	University	40	32	80.0	2.86
Pati et al. 2011 [42]	Less than high school	159	63	39.6	1
	High school	119	55	46.2	1.31
	More than high school	228	101	44.3	1.21
Phukan et al. 2008 [43]	Illiterate	132	50	37.9	1
	Primary	81	41	50.6	1.68
	Middle	344	242	70.3	3.89
	Higher	59	50	84.7	9.11
Robert et al. 2014a [44]	Maximum secondary level	293	237	80.8	1.00
Robert et al. 2014a [44]	Higher than secondary level	214	177	82.9	1.13
Robert et al. 2014b [44]	Maximum secondary level	296	242	81.6	1.06
Robert et al. 2014b [44]	Higher than secondary level	233	197	84.4	1.29
Rossi et al. 2015 [45]	No education or primary	320	177	55.2	1.00
Rossi et al. 2015 [45]	Secondary or higher	711	500	70.3	1.91
Schoeps et al. 2013 [46]	None	1435	250	17.4	1.00
Schoeps et al. 2013 [46]	Any	230	57	24.8	1.56
Setse et al. 2006 [47]	Less than 7 years	137	92_a	67_c	1
	7 years	114	87_a	76_c	1.56
	Greater than 7 years	121	105_a	87_c	3.30
Sia et al. 2009 [5]	No schooling	850	172_a	20.2	1
Sia et al. 2009 [5]	Primary or secondary school	48	18_a	37.5	2.37
Singh et al. 2000 [48]	Illiterate	7337	3404_a	46.4	1
	Primary	2946	1912_a	64.9	2.14
	Middle	3044	2143_a	70.4	2.75
	Higher secondary	3433	2705_a	78.8	4.29
	Graduate	2023	1705_a	84.3	6.20
Singh et al. 2001 [49]	Illiterate	3421	1143_a	33.4	1
	Primary	900	496_a	55.1	2.45
	Middle	718	442_a	61.5	3.19
	Higher secondary	580	416_a	71.8	5.08
	Graduate	552	442_a	80	7.98
Som et al. 2010 [50]	Can’t read and write	400	151_a	37.8	1
Som et al. 2010 [50]	Can read and write	879	538_a	61.2	2.60
Streatfield et al. 1990 [51]	Not literate	78	35_a	45.1	1
	Some primary	129	40_a	31.1	0.55
	Complete primary	177	59_a	33.6	0.62
	Secondary school	81	44_a	54.9	1.48
Thang et al. 2007 [52]	Illiterate	33	13_a	39.5	1
	Lower primary	74	37_a	50	1.53
	Completed primary	157	100_a	63.5	2.66
	Completed secondary	122	94_a	77.4	5.25
	Completed high school +	83	69 _a	82.9	7.43
Torun et al. 2006 [53]	Illiterate	31_b	15	48.4	1
	Graduated primary school	157_b	141	89.8	9.4
	Graduated secondary school or higher education	33_b	31	93.9	16.53
Waters et al. 2004a [54]	Less than primary school	438	105_a	24	1
	Primary school	603	235_a	39	2.02
	Secondary education	473	246_a	52	3.43
	Higher education	12	8_a	67	6.43
Waters et al. 2004b [54]	Less than primary school	961	202_a	21	1
	Primary school	1137	387_a	34	1.94
	Secondary education or higher education	840	403_a	48	3.47
Yadav et al. 2004 [55]	Illiterate	835_d	407_a	48.7	1
	Primary	241	180_a	74.8	3.13
	Middle	190	142_a	74.9	3.14
	Hr. Secondary	119	93_a	78.2	3.78
	Graduate	96	77_a	80.2	4.27

d.p. = decimal places
_a Number of children fully vaccinated calculated using available data in the paper (i.e. % uptake x total number of children)
_b Total number of children per maternal education level calculated from adding row total
_c Reverse percentage calculated from data in paper (percentage incompletely vaccinated presented)
_d Number of children with an illiterate mother calculated from deducting number in other levels from total population size

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ISSN: 1471-2334

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