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Table 1 Study characteristics

From: The global effect of maternal education on complete childhood vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reference

Country

Study setting

Study design

Study period

Population

Children’s age

Vaccine type

Maternal education parameter

Quality

Al-Sheikh et al. 1999a [17]

Iraq

Urban

Cross-sectional

1989–1994

341 families (186 urban), 662 children (326 urban)

0–2 years

BCG, DPT-OPV(3), measles, MMR, DPT-OPV(1st booster)

Illiterate; Reads and writes; Primary; Intermediate; Secondary;

Institute; College; Postgraduate

Weak

Al-Sheikh et al. 1999b [17]

Iraq

Rural

Cross-sectional

1989–1994

341 families (155 rural), 662 children (336 rural)

0–2 years

Completion of BCG, DPT-OPV(3), measles, MMR, DPT-OPV(1st booster)

Illiterate; Reads and writes; Primary; Intermediate; Secondary;

Institute; College; Postgraduate

Animaw et al., 2014 [24]

Ethiopia

Region

Cross-sectional

March 2013

630 children

12–23 months

1 dose BCG, 3 doses Polio, 3 doses Pentavalant, 3 doses PCV, 1 dose Measles

None; Primary school; High school

Moderate

Antai 2009 [4]

Nigeria

National

Cross-sectional

2003

Interviews from 3725 women aged 15 to 49 years with 6029 live born children

12 months and older

BCG, Polio (3), DPT (3)

and Measles vaccinations

No education; Primary; Secondary or higher

Moderate

Antai 2012 [20]

Nigeria

National

Cross-sectional

2008

24,910 women aged

15–49 years with live-born children within 5 years before the survey

12 months to 5 years

8 childhood vaccinations in the EPI – BCG, DPT 3 doses, OPV 3 doses, and measles vaccine

No education; Primary school; Secondary school or higher

Moderate

Bbaale et al. 2013 [25]

Uganda

National

Cross-sectional

2006

7591 children

12–36 months

Full vaccination, BCG, DPT, Polio, Measles vaccinations

None, primary, secondary, post-secondary

Moderate

Branco et al. 2014 [26]

Brazil

Urban

Cross-sectional

January 2010

282 children

12–59 months

1 dose BCG, 3 doses Hep B, 3 doses DTP-Hib, 3 doses OPV, 2 doses Rotavirus, 1 dose Yellow fever, 1 dose MMR

0–8 years of schooling; >8 years of schooling

Moderate

Brenner et al. 2001 [27]

USA

Urban

Cohort

August 1995 to September 1996

369 singleton births from 3 hospitals from low-income, inner-city patients

Cohort followed until 7 months

UTD at 7 months if had received 3 DTP, 3 HIB, and 2 polio vaccinations

<12 years; ≥12 years

Strong

Calhoun et al. 2014 [28]

Kenya

Region

Cross-sectional

June–July 2003

244 children

12–23 months

3 doses Polio, 1 dose BCG, 1 dose Measles, 3 doses DPT or pentavalent

Years of schooling: 0–8, 8 or more

Moderate

Chhabra et al. 2007 [29]

India

Urban

Cross-sectional

October 2003 to January 2004

693 children

24–47 months

BCG, DPT and OPV (3 primary and booster), measles and MMR

Nil; 1–8 years; >8 years

Moderate

Danis et al. 2010 [18]

Greece

National

Cross-sectional

Academic year

2004–2005

3609 parent/ guardian-child pairs

3434 pairs in the final analysis.

Children in first year of Greek grammar school

6–7 years (Mean age 6.76 years)

5 doses of DTP vaccine, 5 doses of poliomyelitis vaccine, 2 doses of MMR vaccine, 3 doses of HBV vaccine and full vaccination for Hib

<9 years; 9–11 years; 12 years (high school); College/ university graduate

Moderate

Elliott et al. 2006a [30]

India

Rural

Cross-sectional

September 2003

470 families

9 months

BCG, OPV (4), DPT (3) and measles

Illiterate; Literate

Weak

Elliott et al. 2006b [30]

India

Rural

Cross-sectional

September 2003

470 families

18 months

BCG, OPV (5), DPT (4) and measles

Illiterate; Literate

Elliott et al. 2006c [30]

India

Rural

Cross-sectional

September 2003

470 families

6 years

BCG, OPV (5), DPT (4), measles and DT

Illiterate; Literate

Fatiregun et al. 2012 [31]

Nigeria

Region

Cross-sectional

2007

540 interviews, 525

respondents

mothers of children

12–23 months

BCG, dose of measles, three doses (1,2,3) of DPT, four doses (0–3) of OPV

Primary/ secondary; Post secondary

Moderate

Fatiregun et al. 2013 [32]

Nigeria

Region

Cross-sectional

2006

1178 mothers

12–23 months

BCG, 4 doses OPV, 3 doses DPT, 3 doses Hetaptitis B

Tertiary education; Secondary education; Primary education; None

Moderate

Huq et al. 2008 [33]

Bangladesh

National

Cross-sectional

1999–2000

755 children

12–23 months

BCG and measles vaccinations and all 3 doses of the DPT and polio vaccines

Below primary; Secondary; Higher secondary

Moderate

Jahn et al. 2008 [34]

Malawi

Rural

Cross-sectional

21st August 2002 to 22nd July 2004

5418 children

Under 5 years old

BCG, OPV3, DPT3 and measles vaccine before their 1st birthday

<5 years primary; Primary 5 + years; Sec./tert.

Moderate

Kidane et al. 2003 [35]

Ethiopia

Region

Cross-sectional

2000

220 households

12–23 months

BCG, measles, 3 doses of DPT/OPV

Illiterate; Literate

Weak

Koumaré et al. 2009 [36]

Mali

Region

Cross-sectional

July 2006

750 children

12–23 months

BCG, DTCP1, DTCP2, and DTCP3 and measles

Mother not educated; Mother educated

Weak

Kumar et al. 2010 [37]

India

Hospital/

Urban

Cross-sectional

April to July 2007

325 children (148 males, 177 females) admitted to paediatrics ward at a tertiary care hospital

12–60 months

BCG, 3 doses of DPT/OPV and measles

≤primary; >primary

Weak

Luman et al. 2003 [38]

USA

National

Cross-sectional

July 2000– June 2001

21,212 children

19 to 35 months

4 doses of DPT vaccine, 3 doses of poliovirus vaccine, 1 dose of MMR vaccine, 3 or 4 doses of Hib vaccine, and 3 doses of HBV vaccine (the 4:3:1:3:3 series).

<High school; High school; >High school; College graduate

Moderate

Mohamud et al. 2014 [39]

Ethiopia

Region

Cross-sectional

10 April 2011–5 May 2011

582 households

12–23 months

1 dose BCG, 1 dose Measles, 3 doses pent/OPV before 1 year of age

Illiterate; Literate

Moderate

Odusanya et al. 2008 [40]

Nigeria

Rural

Cross-sectional

September 2006

339 mothers and children

12–23 months

BCG, 3 doses of OPV & DTP, 3 doses of HBV and measles vaccine

None/ primary; Secondary/ university

Moderate

Okoro et al. 2014 [41]

Nigeria

Region

Cross-sectional

May to December

168 children

6 months – 5 years

Full schedule (not specified)

No formal education; Primary; Secondary; Post-secondary; University

Moderate

Pati et al. 2011 [42]

USA

Urban

Cohort

June 15th 2005

to August 6th 2006

506 Medicaid-eligible mother-infant dyads

Cohort followed until 7 months

UTD at 7 months if received 3 HepB, 2 polio, at least 2 Hib, 3 PCV7

and 3 DTaP containing vaccines

Less than high school; High school; More than high school

Moderate

Phukan et al. 2008 [43]

India

Region

Cross-sectional

June and July 2003

616 children

12–23 months

6 EPI vaccines in time

Illiterate; Primary; Middle; Higher

Weak

Robert et al. 2014a [44]

Belgium

Region

Cross-sectional

2012

519 children

18–24 months

Hexavalent, pneumococcal, MMR, meningococcal C

Maximum secondary level; Higher than secondary level

Moderate

Robert et al. 2014b [44]

Belgium

Region

Cross-sectional

2012

538 children

18–24 months

Hexavalent, pneumococcal, MMR, meningococcal C

Maximum secondary level; Higher than secondary level

Rossi et al. 2015 [45]

Zimbabwe

National

Cross-sectional

2010–2011

1031 children

12–23 months

1 dose BCG, 1 dose Measles, 3 doses of Polio, 3 doses DPT/Pentavalent

No education or primary; Secondary or higher

Moderate

Schoeps et al. 2013 [46]

Burkina Faso

Region

Cross-sectional

September 2008 – December 2009

1665 children

12–23 months

BCG, Oral Polio, Pentavalent, yellow fever, measles

Any; None

Moderate

Setse et al. 2006 [47]

Zambia

Hospital/

Urban

Cross-sectional

January 1998 and October 2000

473 children hospitalised with measles- 372 in subgroup analysis

4 and 60 months

BCG and completed the series of DTP and OPV vaccines.

Less than 7 years; 7 years; Greater than 7 years

Moderate

Sia et al. 2009 [5]

Burkina Faso

Rural

Cross-sectional

1998

805 children

12–23 months

BCG, measles, yellow fever vaccines and 3 doses of DTP and OPV

No schooling; Primary or secondary school

Moderate

Singh et al. 2000 [48]

India

National

Cross-sectional

June–October 1999

18,783 children

12–23 months

BCG, DPT, OPV, Measles

Illiterate; Primary; Middle; Higher secondary; Graduate

Weak

Singh et al. 2001 [49]

India

Region

Cross-sectional

June–October 1999

6171 children

12–32 months

BCG, DPT, OPV, Measles

Illiterate; Primary

Middle; Higher secondary; Graduate

Weak

Som et al. 2010 [50]

India

Region

Cross-sectional

2002 to 2004

1279 children

12–35 months

BCG, 3 injections of DPT, 3 doses of polio (excluding polio 0) and 1 of measles

Can’t read and write; Can read and write

Moderate

Streatfield et al. 1990 [51]

Indonesia

Rural

Cross-sectional

1989

519 mother-child dyads

Under the age of 5 years

DPT, BCG, and anti-polio

Not literate; Some primary; Complete primary; Secondary school

Weak

Thang et al. 2007 [52]

Vietnam

National

Cross-sectional

2002

468 children

11–23 months

BCG vaccination 3 doses of DPT vaccine; at least 3 doses of polio vaccine; and 1 dose of measles vaccine

Illiterate; Lower primary; Completed primary; Completed secondary; Completed high school +

Moderate

Torun et al. 2006 [53]

Turkey

Region

Cross-sectional

2005

Parents of 221 children

9 month-6 years of age

<18 months completely vaccinated if had 1 dose of BCG, 3 doses of HBV, OPV and DPT and 1 dose of Measles vaccine. >18 months completely vaccinated if had booster doses for OPV and DPT vaccines

Illiterate; Graduated primary school; Graduated secondary school or higher education

Moderate

Waters et al. 2004a [54]

Cameroon

National

Cross-sectional

1998

2123 children

Younger than 3 years

By 6 weeks- 1st dose of DPT and the 2nd dose of polio vaccine;

By 10 weeks- 2nd dose of DPT and the 3rd dose of polio vaccine;

By 14 weeks- 3rd DPT dose;

By 9 months- measles vaccine

Less than primary school; Primary school; Secondary education; Higher education

Moderate

Waters et al. 2004b [54]

Cameroon

National

Cross-sectional

2000

3582 children

Younger than 5 years

Less than primary school; Primary school

Secondary education or higher education

Yadav et al. 2004 [55]

India

Regional

Cross-sectional

June–October 1999

1481 children

12–23 months

BCG, DPT3, OPV3, Measles

Illiterate; Primary; Middle; Hr. Secondary;

Graduate

Weak

  1. Abbreviations: UTD up to date, EPI Expanded Program on Immunization, OPV oral polio vaccine, BCG bacille Calmette-Guérin (tuberculosis) vaccine, DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus vaccine, Hib haemophilus influenzae type b, HBV hepatitis B virus, MMR measles, mumps & rubella vaccine, DT diphtheria and tetanus, PCV7 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7-valent), DTaP diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine, DTCP diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis vaccine