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Table 1 Summary of all studies included in the systematic review

From: A scoping review of prevalence, incidence and risk factors for HIV infection amongst young people in Brazil

First Author

Location

Sample (N)

Data collection

Design

Main Results

Reference

Pechansky

Porto Alegre RS

CTA attendees (1026; 390 aged <25)

1995; 1997

Repeated cross-section

HIV prevalence for <25 year olds: 11.5%

[14]

Alves

Santos, SP

CTA attendees (7794; 2769 aged <25)

1996-1999

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <25 year olds: 3.1%

Recent HIV infection for <25 year olds: 0.3% (based on STARHS algorithm)

[15]

Bassols

Porto Alegre RS

Adolescent CTA attendees (287)

2000-2001

Cross-section

HIV prevalence among boys: 4.8%

HIV prevalence among girls: 7.4%

[16]

de Araújo

Campos dos Goytacazes RJ

CTA attendees (7386; 1129 aged 13-19; 1878 aged 20-24)

2001-2002

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 13-19 year olds: non-pregnant women: 0%; pregnant women: 0.5%; men: 12.1%

HIV prevalence for 20-24 year olds: non-pregnant women: 5.8%; pregnant women: 0.47%; men: 6.4%

[17]

Bassols

Porto Alegre RS

Female adolescent CTA attendees (258)

2000-2001

Cross-section

HIV prevalence: 7.4%

Risk factors: Composite drug risk: using illicit drugs & visiting drug using/selling places (aOR: 4.18, 95%CI: 1.47-11.8)

[18]

Bassols

Porto Alegre RS

Adolescent CTA attendees (402)

Not reported

Cross-section

HIV prevalence: 6.2%

Risk factors: SCL-90-R psychiatric score (aOR: 1.88, 95%CI: 1.06-3.34); Composite sexual behavior risk (aOR: 1.63, 95%CI: 0.98-2.70)

[19]

Cook

Rio de Janeiro RJ

Women attending CTA (200; 44 aged 14-19; 97 aged 20-24)

2001

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 14-19 year olds: 6.8%

HIV prevalence for 20-24 year olds: 9.3%

[20]

Bassichetto

Sao Paulo SP

Attendees of 4 CTAs who tested positive for HIV-1 (485; 14 aged 14-19.9; 82 aged 20-24.9)

2002-2004

Cross-section

Risk factors: Recent infection not associated with age: (14-19 years old: 28.6%; 20-24 years old: 24.4%)

[21]

de Souza

Goias state and Federal District

Attendees of 15 CTAs (16,991; 784 male and 1652 females aged 13-19)

2003-2004

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for males aged 13-19: 1.1%

HIV prevalence for females aged 13-19: 0.2%

[22]

Monteiro

Feira de Santana, BA

Attendees of the municipal CTA aged 11-18 (3482; 664 male, 1183 non-pregnant female, 1635 pregnant female)

2003-2012

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for males: 1.08%

HIV prevalence for non-pregnant females: 1.05%

HIV prevalence for pregnant women: 0.31%

[23]

de Castro

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Attendees of 3 CTAs (9008; 2525 aged <25)

2004-2005

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <25 year olds: 2.6%

HIV incidence for <25 year olds: 0.6%/year (based on BED-CEIA test)

[24]

Scheineder

Santa Catarina state

Attendees of 14 CTAs (22,846; 2416 aged 10-19)

2005

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for females aged 10-19: 0.9%

HIV prevalence for males aged 10-19: 2.1%

[25]

Cavalcanti

Recife PE

Attendees of 5 CTAs (32,256; 16,161 aged <25)

2007-2009

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <25 year olds: 0.82% (95%CI: 0.68-0.97%)

Recent infection for <25 year olds: 12/27 prevalent cases (based on BED-CEIA test)

[26]

Pereira

Feira de Santana BA

Attendees of the municipal CTA (3768)

2007-2011

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for males: 3.0%

HIV prevalence for females: 1.6%

Risk factors for females: drug use (PrR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.15-3.82); alcohol use (PrR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.16-3.91); married (PrR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.09-3.75)

Risk factors for males: use of drugs other than alcohol (PrR: 13.25, 95%CI: 5.12-34.28); MSM (PrR: 5.21, 95%CI: 2.57-10.57)

[27]

Andrade Neto

Curitiba PR

Blood Donors (213,666; 177 aged <18, 51,670 aged 18-25)

1992-1999

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <18 year olds: 0.56%

HIV prevalence for 18-25 year olds: 0.14%

[28]

Kupek

Santa Catarina state

Blood Donors (293,725; 95,797 aged 16-24)

2007-2013

Cross-section; Cohort

HIV prevalence for 16-24 year olds: 1.22% (95%CI: 1.01-1.46)

HIV incidence for 16-24 year olds: 0.28 per 100PY (95%CI: 0.20-0.37)

Seroprevalence rose throughout the study period for males but for females it rose only until 2012, then declined.

[29]

Souza

Recife PE

Pregnant women seeking antenatal care (1000; 0.9% aged <15, 31.6% aged 15-20)

1993

Cross-Section

0 pregnant women aged <21 out of ~325 were HIV+

[30]

de Freitas Oliveira

Sao Paulo SP

HIV-positive pregnant women seeking antenatal care (106; 10 aged 15-19, 28 aged 20-24)

1991-2002

Cross-section

Recent HIV infection for 15-19 year olds: 10%

Recent HIV infection for 20-24 year olds: 17.9% (based on STARHS algorithm)

No significant association between age and recent infection status

[31]

Reiche

Londrina PR

Pregnant women at a teaching hospital (1473; 290 aged 10-20)

1996-1998

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 10-20 year olds: 1.0%

[32]

Souza

Campina Grande PB

Pregnant women at prenatal services (386; 127 aged 14-19; 140 aged 20-25)

2001

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 14-19 year olds: 0.0%

HIV prevalence for 20-25 year olds: 0.07%

[33]

de Macedo Orione

Cuiabá MT

Postpartum women (1607; 575 aged 15-20; 525 aged 21-25)

2001-2002

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 15-20 year olds: 0.5%

HIV prevalence for 21-25 year olds: 0.4%

[34]

Figueiró-Filho

Campo Grande, MS

Pregnant women at prenatal services (35,512; 9906 aged 11-20)

2002-2003

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <21 years old: 0.2%

No significant association between age and HIV serostatus

[35]

Cardoso

27 Southern Brazil cities

Pregnant women attending CTAs (8002; 4630 aged 12-25)

2003

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 12-25 year olds: 0.5%

[36]

Costa

Goiania GO

Pregnant women at prenatal services (28,561, 6664 aged 12-19)

2004-2005

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 12-19 year olds: 0.03%

[37]

Costa

Feira de Santana BA

Pregnant women aged <25 at prenatal services (3030)

2004 - 2008

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for ≤16 year olds: 0.3%

HIV prevalence for 17-19 year olds: 0.5%

HIV prevalence for 20-24 year olds: 0.1%

[38]

Pinho-Pompeu

Campinas, SP

Pregnant women at prenatal services (458 aged 10-19)

2005-2013

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 10-19 year olds: 1.97%

There was a positive association between anemia and HIV infection (p = 0.02)

[39]

de Melo Inagaki

Sergipe state

Pregnant women at prenatal services (9550; 24.9% aged 10-19)

2007

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 10-19 year olds: 0.09%

[40]

Moura

Maceió, AL

Pregnant women at prenatal services (54,616; 17,231 aged <19)

2007-2012

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <19 year olds: 0.3%

[41]

Miranda

National

Women in labor at public hospitals (2071)

2009

Cross-section

HIV prevalence: 0.7%

Risk factors: Living in the North region (aOR: 2.0 95%CI: 1.07-3.73); STI history (aOR: 42.5, 95%CI: 1.89-168.49)

[42]

Ferezin

29 cities in Paraná state

Pregnant women at a teaching hospital (1534; 354 aged 14-19)

2010

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 14-19 year olds: 0.3%

[43]

Domingues

National

Pregnant women (23,894; 4570 aged 12-19)

2011-2012

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 12-19 year olds: 0.14%

[44]

Pinto

Belo Horizonte MG

Inmates in a youth correctional institute (394; 195 previously street-based, 199 previously home-based)

1989-1991

Case-control

HIV prevalence for street-based youth: 2%

HIV prevalence for home-based youth: 0%

Risk factors: 2 of 3 HIV-positive males reported using injection drugs; all HIV-positive youths reported heterosexual activity

[45]

Zanetta

Sao Paulo SP

Inmates in a youth correctional institute (1215)

1994

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for females: 10.3%

HIV prevalence for males: 2.6%

Risk factors for females: Commercial sex work (OR = 5.98 (95%CI: 1.04-34.30)

Risk factors for males: HCV seropositivity [OR = 26.5 (95%CI: 8.83-79.70)]; age > 18 [OR = 3.45 (95%CI: 1.21-9.86)]; PWID [OR = 3.39 (95%CI: 1.10-10.4)

[46]

Coelho

Ribeirão Preto, SP

Inmates in a correctional institute (333; 96 aged <25)

2003

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 19-24 year olds: 0.09%

[47]

Fialho

Salvador BA

Incarcerated youth aged 11-18 (297)

2004-2005

Cross-section

HIV prevalence: 0.34%

[48]

Harrison

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

High-risk HIV- MSM recruited at HIV testing sites and MSM venues (750; 242 aged <25)

1995-1997

Cohort

HIV incidence for <20 year olds: 8.4 (95%CI: 1.7-15) per 100PY

HIV incidence for 20-24 year olds: 3.9 (95%CI: 1.7-6.1) per 100PY

Age < 25 was associated with HIV seroconversion (aRR = 2.6, 95%CI: 1.3-5.6)

[49]

Szwarcwald

National

Military conscripts (1997: 9844; 1998: 30,318; 1999: 29,373; 2000: 23,659; 2002: 30,970)

1997-2002

Cross-section

HIV prevalence (2002): 0.09%

Risk factors: positive syphilis test OR = 5.72 (95%CI: 1.32-24.9), MSM OR = 4.06 (95%CI: 1.29-12.8), At least 1 STI related problem OR = 2.76 (95%CI: 1.18-6.45), More than 10 lifetime sexual partners OR = 2.33 (95%CI: 1.05-5.18), Resident of Southern Brazil OR = 2.77 (95%CI: 1.10-6.99)

[50]

Soares

Campinas SP

MSM (658; 167 aged 14-19, 190 aged 20-24)

2005-2006

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 14-19 year olds: 2.9%

HIV prevalence for 20-24 year olds: 5.9%

[51]

Szwarcwald

National

Military conscript personnel aged 17-21 (35,432, of whom ~800 report being MSM)

2007

Cross-section

HIV prevalence overall: 0.1%

HIV prevalence for MSM: 1.2%

Risk factors: being MSM OR = 11.16 (95%CI: 4.90-25.39); having at least one STI-related problem OR = 2.53 (95%CI: 1.20-5.36); >10 lifetime partners OR = 2.52 (95%CI: 1.21-5.25)

[52]

Guimarães

Belo Horizonte, MG

MSM (272; 113 aged <24)

2010

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <24 year olds: 2.8%

[53]

de Souza

São Paulo, SP

MSM (771; number aged <25 not reported)

2011-2012

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 18-24 year olds: 6.4% (95%CI: 3.5-11.5%)

[54]

Trevisol

Imbituba SC

Female sex workers (90; 44 aged <26)

2003-2004

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <26 year olds: 6.8%

[55]

Schuelter-Trevisol

Santa Catarina state

Sex workers (147; 57 aged 18-24)

2009

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 18-24 year olds: 5.3%

[56]

Costa

Porto Alegre, RS

Male to Female transsexuals (284; 128 aged 15-26)

1998-2014

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for 18-26 year olds: 14.8%

[57]

Freitas-Carvalho

Rio Branco, AC

Attendees of immunization campaign (390; 118 aged 12-21)

1999

Cross-section

HIV prevalence: 0%

[58]

Codes

Salvador, BA

Women attending a public family planning clinic (202; 70 aged <22; 77 aged 22-25)

Not reported

Cross-section

HIV prevalence for <21 year olds: 0%

HIV prevalence for 22-25 year olds: 4%

[59]

Szwarcwald

Recife, PE and Curitiba, PR

General population (902 in Recife; 1013 in Curitiba)

2013

Cross-section

HIV incidence for 13-24 year olds in Curitiba, PR: 0.060%/year (18.8% of all HIV-positive)

HIV incidence for 13-24 year olds in Recife, PE: 0.059% (19.4% of all HIV-positive)

[60]

Silveira

Pelotas RS

HIV-positive women (144; 11 aged 15-19, 39 aged 20-24); AIDS-diagnosed women (130; 7 aged 15-19, 13 aged 20-24); door-to-door interviewed controls (1537; 151 aged 15-19, 240 aged 20-24)

1999-2000 (controls);

2003-2004 (cases)

Case-control

Risk factors: Odds of being HIV-positive were higher for 15-19 year olds (OR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.4-6.6) and for 20-24 year olds (OR: 6.2, 95%CI: 1.4-11.4) than for those aged ≥40

[61]

  1. All sample sizes cited are analytic, and thus do not include non-respondents. CTA Counselling and testing center, MSM Men who have sex with men, PWID People Who Inject Drugs, STI Sexually Transmitted Infection, STARHS Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion, OR Odds Ratio, aOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, PrR Prevalence Ratio, 100PY 100 person-years