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Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients admitted with hemodialysis-associated pneumonia

From: Proposed risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant pathogens in hemodialysis patients hospitalized with pneumonia

Characteristics

Overall patients (n = 105)

MDR pathogens group (n = 24)

Non-MDR pathogens group (n = 81)

P Value

Age (years)

71 (61–76)

73 (62–79)

71 (61–76)

0.199

Male

68 (64.8%)

15 (62.5%)

53 (65.4%)

0.792

Female

37 (35.2%)

9 (37.5)

28 (34.6%)

0.792

Time interval between dialysis and pneumonia (months)

30 (11–69)

21 (10–74)

34 (12–69)

0.541

Etiology of dialysisa

    

 Diabetes mellitus

60 (57.1%)

14 (58.3%)

46 (56.7%)

0.344

 Hypertension

57 (54.2%)

11 (45.8%)

46 (56.7%)

0.893

 Glomerulonephropathy

6 (5.7%)

1 (4.1%)

5 (6.1%)

1.000

 Idiopathic

7 (6.6%)

2 (8.3%)

5 (6.1%)

0.658

 Others

13 (12.3%)

1 (4.1%)

12 (14.8%)

0.289

Tube feeding

9 (8.5%)

5 (20.8%)

4 (4.9%)

0.028

HCAP criteria other than HDAP

 

17 (70.8%)

27 (33.3%)

0.001

 Recent hospitalization

42 (40.0%)

16 (66.6%)

26 (32.0%)

0.002

 NHAP

10 (9.5%)

5 (20.8%)

5 (6.1%)

0.047

 Recent intravenous therapy

10 (9.5%)

3 (12.5%)

7 (8.6%)

0.692

Clinical parameters

    

 Severe pneumonia

37 (35.2%)

13 (54.1%)

24 (29.6%)

0.027

 Confusion

15 (14.2%)

6 (25.0%)

9 (11.1%)

0.103

 Respiratory failure

47 (44.7%)

14 (58.3%)

33 (40.7%)

0.128

 Sepsis or septic shock at onset

15 (14.2%)

7 (29.1%)

8 (9.8%)

0.040

 ICU admission

22 (20.9%)

10 (41.6%)

12 (14.8%)

0.005

 Need for ventilator

6 (5.7%)

3 (12.5%)

3 (3.7%)

0.131

Radiological findings

    

 Multi-lobar involvement

73 (69.5%)

20 (83.3%)

53 (65.4%)

0.094

 Pleural effusion

33 (31.4%)

6 (25.0%)

27 (33.3%)

0.440

Laboratory findings

    

 WBC (/mm3)

11,200 (7400–15,015)

13,210 (8200–18,600)

10,680 (7150–14,960)

0.104

 CRP (mg/dl)

8.5 (3.7–15.1)

9.4 (4.8–16.0)

7.1 (3.7–14.7)

0.364

 Procalcitonin, n = 62, (mg/dl)

1.1 (0.4–5.9)

1.7 (0.5–6.8)

0.9 (0.3–5.6)

0.571

Indices for disease severity

    

 CURB-65 score

2 (1–2)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–2)

0.095

 CURB-65 score ≥ 3

19 (18.0%)

7 (29.1%)

12 (14.8%)

0.133

 PSI score

123 (105–145)

148 (120–181)

118 (99–139)

0.001

 PSI class IV or V

91 (86.6%)

23 (95.8%)

68 (83.9%)

0.181

Initial antibiotic therapy

    

 as CAP

47 (44.7%)

4 (16.6%)

43 (53.0%)

0.002

 as HAP

58 (55.2%)

20 (83.3%)

38 (46.9%)

0.002

 Use of Anti-MRSA agents

7 (6.6%)

4 (16.6%)

3 (3.7%)

0.046

Clinical outcomes

    

 Use of inappropriate antibiotics

21 (20.0%)

15 (62.5%)

6 (7.4%)

<0.001

 Change of initial antibiotics

40 (38.0%)

13 (54.1%)

27 (33.3%)

0.065

 Failure of initial antibiotics therapy

29 (27.6%)

11 (45.8%)

18 (22.2%)

0.254

 Duration of antibiotic therapy (days)

12 (10–15)

12 (9–22)

12 (10–15)

0.401

 Length of hospital stay (days)

11 (7–17)

14 (9–25)

11 (7–16)

0.093

 Pneumonia-related mortality rate

8 (7.6%)

6 (25.0%)

2 (2.4%)

0.002

 Hospital mortality rate

11 (10.4%)

6 (25.0%)

5 (6.1%)

0.016

  1. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%)
  2. MDR multidrug-resistant, HCAP healthcare-associated pneumonia, HDAP hemodialysis-associated pneumonia, NHAP nursing home-acquired pneumonia, ICU intensive care unit, WBC white blood cell, CRP C-reactive protein, CAP community-acquired pneumonia, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, CURB-65 Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age ≥ 65, PSI Pneumonia Severity Index
  3. aallowed for overlap