Table 4 Risk of bias table for HCV antibody
| Â | Patient selection | Bias | Index test | Bias | Reference standard | Bias | Flow | Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Was a case control design avoided? Consecutive or random sample of patients? Inappropriate exclusions? | Â | Blinded to reference standard Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | Â | Blinded to index? Could the reference standard have introduced bias? | Â | There is an appropriate interval between the index test and reference standard? All patients receive the same reference standard? All patients recruited into the study are included in the analysis? | Â |
Brandao | No case control design, consecutive sample, no exclusions | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
Croom | Sampling from high-risk and low risk groups | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | All patients included, same reference standard | LR |
Chevaliez | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR |
Dokubo | No case control, concurrent sampling from a prospective cohort | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard, all patients recruited included in analysis | LR |
Flores | Case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard, all patients recruited included in analysis | LR |
Gruner | NR | UR | Not blinded, NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR |
Kania | Consecutive recruitment | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported | LR |
Larrat | Consecutive recruitment, but of known cases and known negative controls | HR | blinded | LR | Blinded | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
Lee | Consecutive recruitment | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
Lukacs | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
McCarron | Case control, known positive and negative cases from prevalence survey | HR | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR |
Marques 2012 | No case control design | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
Marques 2016 | NR | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | NR, same reference standard, NR | UR |
Mossner | Sampling from high-risk and low risk groups | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Sampling reported, same reference standard, all patients included in analysis | LR |
Nandagopal | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR |
O Brien | No case control design, | LR | Blinded | LR | Blinded | LR | Sampling partly reported, same reference standard | LR |
Parker | Case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling partly reported, same reference standard | LR |
Ross | Possible case control design, sampling NR | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Flow reported | LR |
Sheperd | No case control design, but partly sampling from patients with known disease | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |
Soulier | Sampling from high-risk and low risk-groups | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR, same reference standard, NR | LR |
Tejada-Strop | Case control | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |
Tuaillon, E | Case control | HR | Blinded | LR | Blinded | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
Waterboer, T | No case control | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |