Fig. 3

Random exclusion of villages. All five maps show the 21 villages of the focal area to the west of Majete Wildlife Reserve. a shows a 400 m buffer overlaid on each of the 21 villages. Nineteen of the villages have overlapping buffers, while two villages are a sufficient distance from the others to limit contamination bias. b and c highlight two different sets of villages that could be excluded from the trial intervention allocation, so as to leave the clusters of villages shown in d and e, whereby clusters do not overlap with each other