Modifiable risk factors for typhoid intestinal perforations during a large outbreak of typhoid fever, Kampala Uganda, 2015

Table 2 Modifiable Risk factors for Typhoid Intestinal Perforations during an outbreak of typhoid fever in Kampala, Uganda, January–June 2015

Variable	% of TIP cases (N = 45)	% of controls^a (N = 137)	OR_crude (95% CI)	OR_adj (95% CI)
Days before seeking treatment
0–3	29	63	ref
4–9	42	32	3.0(1.8–5.7)	2.2(0.83–5.8)
10+	29	5.1	13(3.8–43)	11(1.9–61)
Heard of typhoid fever before
Yes	64	82	ref
No	36	18	2.5(1.0–5.9)	NS
Heard of typhoid outbreak in Kampala
Yes	41	75	ref
No	59	25	4.4(1.9–10)	5.2(1.8–15)
Got treatment before^b
No	45	77	ref
Yes	96	23	7.0(1.5–31)	9.0(1.1–78)

TIP Typhoid intestinal perforation, OR _crude Crude odds ratio from conditional logistic regression (for the matched design), OR _adj Adjusted odds ratio using multivariable conditional logistic regression, CI confidence interval, NS not statistically significant (therefore not included in the conditional logistic regression model)
^aControls were typhoid fever cases without intestinal perforation
^bTreatment received before being admitted for TIP or being treated at a typhoid treatment centre. This treatment was mainly received from drug shops and private clinics

ISSN: 1471-2334