Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of the articles included in the systematic review

From: Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review

Characteristic

Frequency (%)

References

Publication Year

 2013

67 (46.5)

[17, 19, 26, 43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99]

[13, 16, 18, 22, 24, 27, 45, 100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138]

[20, 21, 23, 25, 139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172]

[173,174,175]

 2014

39 (27.1)

 2015

35 (24.3)

 2016

3 (2.1%)

End of data collection

 

NA

 Before 2010

17 (11.8)

 Between 2010 and 2013

81 (56.3)

 After 2013

41 (28.5)

 Not mentioned

5 (3.5)

Study Design

 Cross sectional/Case Series

92 (63.9)

[16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23, 25, 26, 28, 30,31,32, 36, 38,39,40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48,49,50, 53, 55,56,57,58, 60, 63, 67,68,69,70,71, 73,74,75, 77, 79, 82,83,84,85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95,96,97,98,99,100, 103,104,105, 108, 112,113,114,115,116, 119, 123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133, 137, 139,140,141,142, 144, 146, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160, 176]

[59, 106, 150]

[44, 52, 56, 74, 76, 79, 80, 116, 126, 135, 153, 164]

[24, 27, 49, 50, 62, 91, 95, 103, 124, 125, 136, 149, 160, 163, 165, 167, 173]

[67, 69, 77, 81, 121, 132, 151, 158, 162]

[48, 66, 87, 93, 96, 101, 109, 117, 133, 170, 174]

 Case control

3 (2.1)

 Prospective Cohort/Clinical Trial

11 (7.6)

 Retrospective

18 (12.5)

 Surveillance

9 (6.3)

 Not Mentioned

11 (7.6)

Source of Data

 In patient

59 (41.0)

[16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 44,45,46, 53, 54, 56, 60,61,62, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 90,91,92, 95, 97, 99, 101, 104, 108, 112, 117,118,119,120, 123, 126,127,128,129, 132, 135, 136, 138, 147, 148, 153, 155, 158, 162, 164, 166, 167, 173]

[18,19,20, 24, 25, 43, 51, 52, 58, 59, 63, 70, 73,74,75, 78, 82, 85, 87, 94, 96, 100, 105,106,107, 111, 113, 116, 117, 131, 133, 134, 139, 140, 142, 150,151,152, 156, 157, 159, 170,171,172, 175, 176]

[50, 79, 83, 86, 130, 143, 149, 161, 163, 169, 177, 178]

[27, 38, 49, 57, 65, 67, 76, 79, 81, 93, 103, 109, 110, 115, 121, 124, 125, 145, 146, 154, 165, 174]

 Outpatient

49 (30.0)

 Both

12 (8.3)

 Unknown

24 (17.4)

Type of Infection

 Hospital Acquired

22 (15.3)

[16, 17, 23, 54, 60,61,62, 72, 80, 88, 90, 91, 97, 104, 119, 123, 127,128,129, 135, 147]

[18,19,20, 24, 25, 28, 36, 37, 43, 44, 48, 55, 58,59,60, 63, 67, 70, 72, 79, 81, 85, 90,91,92, 96, 98, 101, 102, 116, 118, 119, 124, 125, 127, 135,136,137, 141, 142, 144, 155,156,157, 160, 161]

[50, 55, 77, 79, 86, 95, 145, 162, 163, 166, 167]

 Community acquired

58 (40.3)

 Both

11 (7.6)

 Unable to say

53 (37.5)

AMR/Drug susceptibility methodologya

 Disk Diffusion

118 (81.9)

[38, 56, 63, 74, 81, 84, 86, 96, 104, 115, 140, 146, 148, 150]

[65, 77, 116, 121, 132, 155]

 VITEK

11 (7.6)

 E-test

2 (1.4)

 MIC

7 (4.9)

 Not mentioned

6 (4.2)

Laboratory Standard

 

NA

 BSAC

6 4.1)

 CA-SFM/EUCAST

15 (10.4)

 NCCLS/CLSI

105 (72,9)

 Not Mentioned

18 (12.5)

Organism identification Methoda

 Morphology

95 (66.0)

[16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 43,44,45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 62,63,64, 67, 70, 71, 73, 75, 78, 81,82,83, 85,86,87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 103,104,105,106, 108, 110,111,112,113, 119, 120, 125,126,127,128,129, 131, 134, 138, 139, 142, 151, 152, 155, 157, 162, 164, 165, 169, 172, 174,175,176]

[55, 68, 114, 116, 117, 123, 135, 145, 147,148,149]

 API®

17 (11.8)

 VITEK

6 (4.2)

 NAAT

3 (2.1)

 MALDI-ToF

2 (1.4)

 Not mentioned

21 (14.6)

Lab Accreditation/Quality assurance activities

 ISO

5 (3.5)

[38, 74, 88, 169, 179]

[74, 92, 116, 136, 145, 166]

 EQA

6 (4.2)

 Not mentioned

133 (92.3)

Age Group

 

NA

 Adults

42 (29.2)

 Pediatrics and neonatesb

34 (23.6)

 Both adults and pediatrics

42 (29.2)

 Neonates only

4 (2.8)

 Unknown

22 (15.3)

  1. NA not applicable, BSAC British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, CA-SFM Committé Antibiogramme – Société Française de Microbiologie (CA-SFM), EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, NCCLS National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, API Analytical profile index, NAAT Nucleic acid amplification tests, MALDI-ToF Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight, ISO International Organization for Standardization, EQA External Quality Assurance; ¥Polymerase Chain Reaction
  2. aStudies might have used more than one method and they were counted more than once
  3. bTwo studies mentioned a non-specific accreditation and National Accreditation; Hospital acquired infection (HAI) was defined as a new clinical infections in patients who had been admitted for ≥48 h in a hospital setting. Community acquired infection was defined as infection occurring in the community or within 48 h of hospital admission
Back to article page

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us