Fig. 3

Resistance of selected pathogens to commonly prescribed antibiotics in different regions of Africa. The boxplots in the figure represent the median and interquartile range of resistance reported if at least three studies reported on the combination. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMX-CLA), ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SXT), gentamicin, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, vancomycin and imipenem were plotted. Antibiotics with no data points in the specific regions are omitted from the plots.Resistance patterns reported using broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), E-test® or VITEK® were included if prevalence could be calculated and were combined with resistance data reported using disk diffusion as this was the main method used. Intermediate susceptible strains were categorized as resistant to simplify the analysis. [13]MR estimates were not calculated if only one or two studies reported on the specific bacterium-antibiotic combination. a: Resistance of Klebsiella spp. to commonly prescribed antibiotics in different regions of Africa. b: Resistance of S. pneumoniae to commonly prescribed antibiotics in different regions of Africa. c: Resistance of S. aureus to commonly prescribed antibiotics in different regions of Africa. d: Resistance of E. coli to commonly prescribed antibiotics in different regions of Africa