Table 1 Main characteristics of the included RCTs: PCT arms versus control arms
From: Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis
Fist Author (Year) | Country | Number of Patients | Study Design/ Setting | PCT Measurement | Overrule the Algorithm or Not | Severity of Illness on Study Enrollmente |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Svoboda [33] (2007) | Czech Republic | 38/34 | RCT, single-center/ 4 surgical ICUs | Immunochromatographic techniquea | Yes | APACHE II: 15.7 (7.9) /17.3 (9.3) |
Nobre [32] (2008) | Swizerland | 39/40 | RCT, single-center/ 1 mixed medical-surgical ICU | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | SOFA: 6.4 (3.3) /6.6 (3.0) SAPS III: 68.5 (12.1) /70.1 (13.1) |
Hochreiter [31] (2009) | Germany | 57/53 | RCT, single-center/ 1 surgical ICU | Luminescence immunoassayc | Yes | APACHE II: 40.1 (17.1) /40.5 (15.1) SAPS II: 40.1 (17.1) /40.5 (15.1) |
Schroeder [30] (2009) | Germany | 14/13 | RCT, single-center/ 1 surgical ICU | Luminescence immunoassayc | Yes | SAPS II: 45.6 (18.5) /53.7 (14.7) |
Stolz [29] (2009) | USA | 51/50 | RCT, multi-center/ 7 mixed medical-surgical ICUs | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | SOFA: 7.3 (3.4) /8.2 (3.4) SAPS II: 42 (13) /45 (14) |
Bouadma [28] (2010) | France | 307/314 | RCT, multi-center/ 7 ICUs (5 medical, 2 surgical) | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | SOFA: 7.5 (4.4) /7.2 (4.4) SAPS II: 43.8 (16.1) /43.4 (15.4) |
Layios [26] (2012) | Belgium | 258/251 | RCT, single-center/ 5 ICUs | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | APACHE II: 39.3 (16.3) /39 (16.7) |
Jensen [27] (2011) | Denmark | 604/596 | RCT, multi-center/ 9 mixed medical-surgical ICUs | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | NA |
Liu [23] (2013) | China | 42/40 | RCT, single-center/ 1 mixed medical-surgical ICU | Luminescence immunoassay c | No | APACHE II: 21.6 (4.3) /18.5 (3.6) |
Annane [25] (2013) | France | 30/28 | RCT, multi-center/ 8 mixed medical-surgical ICUs | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | No (at 5 days after antibiotic initiated) | SOFA: 9.5 (8.5–11.0) /10 (8–11)f SAPS II: 32.5 (27–47) /43 (32–52)f |
Deliberato [24] (2013) | Brazil | 42/39 | RCT, single-center/ 1 mixed medical-surgical ICU | Automated immunoassayd | Yes | SOFA: 6.29 (2.85) /5.38 (3.33) SAPA II: 56.9 (11.68) /53.77 (12.33) |
Shehabi [22] (2014) | Australia | 196/198 | RCT, multi-center/ 11 mixed medical-surgical ICUs | Automated immunoassayd | Yes | APACHE II: 21.2 (7.8) /20.9 (7.1) SOFA: 6.0 (3.0–9.0) /6.0 (3.0–8.0)f |
Najafi [21] (2014) | Iran | 30/30 | RCT, single-center/ 1 mixed medical-surgical ICU | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | APACHE II: 11.9 (9.3) /13.3 (7.9) SOFA: 5.4 (3.6) /5.7 (2.8) |
Jong [18] (2016) | Netherlands | 761/785 | RCT, multi-center/ 15 mixed medical-surgical ICUs | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb or Luminescence immunoassayc or Automated Immunoassayd | Yes | APACHE IV: 72.0 (52.0–92.0) /71.0 (55.0–95.0)f SOFA: 6.0 (3.0–9.0) /6.0 (4.0–9.0)f |
Bloos [20] (2016) | Germany | 279/267 | RCT, multi-center/ 33 mixed medical-surgical ICUs | Time-resolved amplified cryptate emissionb | Yes | APACHE II: 24.2 (7.2) /24.4 (7.7) SOFA: 10.0 (3.3) /9.9 (3.3) |