Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia

Table 1 Responses of supervising managers to interview about routine poultry farm practices, particularly on factors associated to Salmonella emergence, maintenance and spread

No.	Risk factors related to Salmonella emergence, maintenance and spread	Bonga center	Hawassa center	Hawassa commercial farm
1	Litter change when new flock introduced to the house	No	No	No
2	Poultry-house disinfection before placement	Yes	Yes	Yes
3	Presence of pests in the houses (cockroaches, rats, etc.)	Yes	Yes	No
4	Pest control	No	No	No
5	Presence of other animal species in the farm	No	No	No
6	Farm access to wild birds	Yes	Yes	Yes
7	Boots for workers	Yes	Yes	Yes
8	Common use of working and protective materials between houses	Yes	Yes	Yes
9	Always boots dipping before entering poultry houses	No	No	No
10	Free access to visitors and other workers of the farm	Yes	Yes	Yes
11	Source of water for chickens	Well	Well	Pipe
12	Conservation of sick chickens together with layer house	Yes	Yes	Yes
13	Storage of manure inside the farm compound	Yes	Yes	Yes
14	Antibiotic use without identification of disease etiology	Yes	Yes	Yes
15	Poultry management types	Litter	Litter	Cage
16	Washing of hands before handling chickens	No	No	No
17	Regular cleaning of watering and feeding trough	No	No	No
18	All in-all out practice	No	No	No
19	Disposal of a dead chicken in the compound	Yes	Yes	No
20	Rearing of different age groups of chickens in the farm	Yes	Yes	No
21	Regular health checkup for workers	No	No	No
22	Recent history of workers having signs of diarrhea	Yes	Yes	No

ISSN: 1471-2334