Variables | All (n = 66) | De-escalation (n = 32) | Non-de-escalation (n = 34) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Mean age, years | 64.8 ± 19.6 | 67.5 ± 17.2 | 62.2 ± 21.6 | 0.28 |
Female | 38 (57.6%) | 19 (59.4%) | 19 (55.9%) | 0.81 |
Medicine ward | 58 (87.9%) | 26 (81.3%) | 32 (94.1%) | 0.11 |
Underlying disease | ||||
● Hypertension | 37 (56.1%) | 19 (59.4%) | 18 (52.9%) | 0.60 |
● Cerebrovascular disease | 15 (22.7%) | 9 (28.1%) | 6 (17.7%) | 0.31 |
● Chronic lung disease | 10 (15.2%) | 2 (6.3%) | 8 (23.5%) | 0.08 |
● Cardiovascular disease | 22 (33.3%) | 11 (34.4%) | 11 (32.4%) | 0.86 |
● Diabetes mellitus | 25 (37.9%) | 11 (34.4%) | 14 (41.2%) | 0.57 |
● Chronic kidney disease | 23 (34.9%) | 12 (37.5%) | 11 (32.4%) | 0.66 |
● Chronic liver disease | 7 (10.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | 4 (11.8%) | 1.00 |
● Malignancy | 17 (26.6%) | 9 (28.1%) | 8 (23.5%) | 0.67 |
● Any immunocompromised conditiona | 16 (24.2%) | 7 (21.9%) | 9 (36.5%) | 0.66 |
APACHE II score at enrollmentb | 12.4 ± 5.9 (n = 10) | 13.8 ± 8.2 (n = 5) | 11.0 ± 2.3 (n = 5) | 0.49 |
Modified APACHE II score at enrollmentc | 8.9 ± 4.9 | 8.9 ± 5.1 | 8.9 ± 4.9 | 0.94 |
● History of organ insufficiency | 35 (53.9%) | 20 (62.5%) | 15 (45.5%) | 0.17 |
● Emergency surgery | 8 (12.1%) | 5 (15.6%) | 3 (8.8%) | 0.47 |
● Acute renal failure | 8 (12.1%) | 8 (25.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.002 |
● ICU admission | 3 (4.6%) | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.42 |
Characteristics of infections | ||||
Hospital-acquired infection | 32 (48.5%) | 12 (37.5%) | 20 (58.8%) | 0.08 |
Site of infection at enrollment | 1.00 | |||
● Urinary tract infection | 27 (40.9%) | 13 (40.6%) | 14 (41.2%) | |
● Pneumonia | 11 (16.7%) | 5 (15.6%) | 6 (16.7%) | |
● Others | 29 (43.9%) | 14 (43.8%) | 15 (44.1%) | |
● Primary bacteremia | 26 (78.8%) | 14 (82.4%) | 12 (75.0%) | |
● Skin infection | 1 (1.5%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) | |
● Reproductive tract infection | 1 (1.5%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) | |
● Gastrointestinal tract infection | 1 (1.5%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) | |
Having bacteremia | 33 (50.0%) | 17 (53.1%) | 16 (47.1%) | 0.62 |
Cause of bacteremiad | (n = 17) | (n = 16) | 0.57 | |
● Primary bacteremia | 26 (78.8%) | 14 (82.4%) | 12 (75.0%) | |
● Urinary tract infection | 5 (15.2%) | 3 (17.6%) | 2 (12.5%) | |
● Catheter-related infection | 2 (6.0%) | 0 | 2 (12.5%) | |
Causative pathogene | ||||
● Escherichia coli | 46 (69.7%) | 24 (75.0%) | 22 (64.7%) | 0.36 |
● Klebsiella spp. | 21 (31.8%) | 8 (25.0%) | 13 (38.2%) | 0.25 |
Mean time from onset of infection to enrollment, days | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 0.47 |
Mean duration of pre-enrollment use of group 2 carbapenems, days | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 0.29 |
Mean duration of pre-enrollment use of any antibiotics, days | 3.1 ± 5.8 | 3.3 ± 5.4 | 3.0 ± 6.3 | 0.82 |