Risk Factor | High-risk HPV | Cervical CytologyƗ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |||||||||
Total | Positive | Negative | OR (95% CI)§ | p- value | Total | Abnormal | Normal | OR (95% Cl)§ | p- value | |
Nationality | ||||||||||
Nepali | 542 (84.6) | 46 (8.5) | 496 (91.5) | 1.00 | 494 (14.2) | 36 (7.3) | 458 (92.7) | 1.00 | ||
Bhutanese | 99 (15.4) | 11 (11.1) | 88 (88.9) | 1.35 (0.67–2.70) | 0.4000 | 82 (85.8) | 5 (6.1) | 77 (93.9) | 0.83 (0.31–2.17) | 0.6984 |
Total | 641 (100.0) | 57 (8.9) | 584 (91.1) | 576 (100.0) | 41 (7.1) | 535 (92.9) | ||||
Age, years | ||||||||||
45–69 | 175 (27.4) | 9 (5.1) | 166 (94.9) | 1.00 | 151 (26.3) | 10 (6.6) | 141 (93.4) | 1.00 | ||
19–44 | 464 (72.6) | 48 (10.3) | 416 (89.7) | 2.13 (1.02–4.44) | 0.0438 | 423 (73.7) | 31 (7.3) | 392 (92.7) | 1.12 (0.53–2.33) | 0.7725 |
Total | 639 (100.0) | 57 (8.9) | 582 (91.1) | 574 (100.0) | 41 (7.1) | 533 (92.9) | ||||
Formal education | ||||||||||
None | 185 (28.9) | 15 (8.1) | 170 (91.9) | 1.00 | 162 (28.1) | 9 (5.6) | 153 (94.4) | 1.00 | ||
Some | 456 (71.1) | 42 (9.2) | 414 (90.8) | 1.15 (0.62–2.13) | 0.6570 | 414 (71.9) | 32 (7.7) | 382 (92.3) | 1.42 (0.66–3.05) | 0.3642 |
Total | 641 (100.0) | 57 (8.9) | 584 (91.1) | 576 (100.0) | 41 (7.1) | 535 (92.9) | ||||
Current marital Status | ||||||||||
Other* | 15 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (100.0) | 13 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (100.0) | ||||
Married | 595 (97.5) | 54 (9.1) | 541 (88.7) | ** | 535 (100.0) | 41 (7.7) | 494 (92.3) | ** | ||
Total | 610 (100.0) | 54 (9.1) | 556 (90.9) | 548 (100.0) | 41 (7.5) | 507 (92.5) | ||||
Previously married | ||||||||||
No | 603 (97.7) | 54 (9.0) | 549 (91.0) | 540 (97.6) | 39 (7.2) | 501 (92.8) | ||||
Yes | 14 (2.3) | 1 (7.1) | 13 (92.9) | *** | 13 (2.4) | 1 (7.7) | 12 (92.3) | *** | ||
Total | 617 (100.0) | 55 (8.9) | 562 (91.1) | 553 (100.0) | 40 (7.2) | 513 (92.8) | ||||
Husband previously married | ||||||||||
No | 550 (89.1) | 49 (8.9) | 501 (91.1) | 1.00 | 490 (88.9) | 36 (7.3) | 454 (92.7) | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 67 (10.9) | 6 (9.0) | 61 (91.0) | 1.01 (0.41–2.45) | 0.9900 | 61 (11.1) | 4 (6.6) | 57 (93.4) | 1.13 (0.39–3.29) | 0.8228 |
Total | 617 (100.0) | 55 (8.9) | 562 (91.1) | 551 (100.0) | 40 (7.3) | 511 (92.7) | ||||
Number of children | ||||||||||
≤ 1 | 130 (20.9) | 13 (10.0) | 117 (90.0) | 1.00 | 119 (21.2) | 14 (11.8) | 105 (88.2) | 1.00 | - | |
2 | 242 (38.8) | 22 (9.1) | 220 (90.9) | 0.90 (0.44–1.85) | 0.7746 | 219 (39.1) | 13 (5.9) | 206 (94.1) | 0.47 (0.22–1.04) | 0.0637 |
3 | 154 (24.7) | 11 (7.1) | 143 (92.9) | 0.69 (0.30–1.60) | 0.3907 | 137 (24.5) | 8 (5.8) | 129 (94.2) | 0.47 (0.19–1.15) | 0.0977 |
≥ 4 | 97 (15.6) | 9 (9.3) | 88 (90.7) | 0.92 (0.38–2.25) | 0.8557 | 85 (15.2) | 6 (7.1) | 79 (92.9) | 0.57 (0.21–1.55) | 0.2700 |
Total | 623 (100.0) | 55 (8.8) | 568 (91.2) | 560 (100.0) | 41 (7.3) | 519 (92.7) | ||||
Drink alcohol | ||||||||||
No | 573 (91.4) | 49 (8.6) | 524 (91.4) | 1.00 | - | 515 (91.5) | 34 (6.6) | 481 (93.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 54 (8.6) | 6 (11.1) | 48 (88.9 | 1.34 (0.55–3.28) | 0.5258 | 48 (8.5) | 6 (12.5) | 42 (87.5) | 2.02 (0.80–5.09) | 0.1353 |
Total | 627 (100.0) | 55 (8.8) | 572 (91.2) | 563 (100.0) | 40 (7.6) | 523 (92.4) | ||||
Currently smoke | ||||||||||
No | 550 (90.8) | 50 (9.1) | 500 (90.7) | 517 (90.8) | 38 (7.4) | 479 (92.7) | ||||
Yes | 56 (9.2) | 2 (3.6) | 54 (96.4) | *** | 47 (9.2) | 3 (6.4) | 44 (93.6) | *** | ||
Total | 606 (100.0) | 52 (8.6) | 554 (91.4) | 564 (100.0) | 41 (7.3) | 523 (92.7) | ||||
Husband migrated for work | ||||||||||
No | 393 (74.6) | 30 (7.6) | 363 (92.4) | 1.00 | 354 (74.2) | 17 (4.8) | 337 (95.2) | 1.00 | ||
Outside the district | 23 (4.4) | 5 (21.7) | 18 (78.3) | 3.36 (1.17–9.69) | 0.0248 | 19 (4.0) | 1 (5.3) | 18 (87.5) | *** | |
Outside the country | 111 (21.0) | 10 (9.0) | 101 (91.0) | 1.20 (0.57–2.53) | 0.6363 | 104 (21.8) | 13 (12.5) | 91 (94.7) | 2.83 (1.33–6.05) | 0.0073 |
Total | 527 (100.0) | 45 (8.5) | 582 (91.5) | 477 (100.0) | 31 (6.5) | 446 (93.5) |