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Table 3 Univariable Analyses of Risk Factors for High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Abnormal Cervical Cytology in a Sample of Nepali and Bhutanese Women Living in Eastern Nepal

From: High-risk human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cervical cytology among Nepali and Bhutanese refugee women living in eastern Nepal

Risk Factor

High-risk HPV

Cervical CytologyƗ

n (%)

  

n (%)

  

Total

Positive

Negative

OR (95% CI)§

p- value

Total

Abnormal

Normal

OR (95% Cl)§

p- value

Nationality

 Nepali

542 (84.6)

46 (8.5)

496 (91.5)

1.00

 

494 (14.2)

36 (7.3)

458 (92.7)

1.00

 

 Bhutanese

99 (15.4)

11 (11.1)

88 (88.9)

1.35 (0.67–2.70)

0.4000

82 (85.8)

5 (6.1)

77 (93.9)

0.83 (0.31–2.17)

0.6984

 Total

641 (100.0)

57 (8.9)

584 (91.1)

  

576 (100.0)

41 (7.1)

535 (92.9)

  

Age, years

 45–69

175 (27.4)

9 (5.1)

166 (94.9)

1.00

 

151 (26.3)

10 (6.6)

141 (93.4)

1.00

 

 19–44

464 (72.6)

48 (10.3)

416 (89.7)

2.13 (1.02–4.44)

0.0438

423 (73.7)

31 (7.3)

392 (92.7)

1.12 (0.53–2.33)

0.7725

 Total

639 (100.0)

57 (8.9)

582 (91.1)

  

574 (100.0)

41 (7.1)

533 (92.9)

  

Formal education

 None

185 (28.9)

15 (8.1)

170 (91.9)

1.00

 

162 (28.1)

9 (5.6)

153 (94.4)

1.00

 

 Some

456 (71.1)

42 (9.2)

414 (90.8)

1.15 (0.62–2.13)

0.6570

414 (71.9)

32 (7.7)

382 (92.3)

1.42 (0.66–3.05)

0.3642

 Total

641 (100.0)

57 (8.9)

584 (91.1)

  

576 (100.0)

41 (7.1)

535 (92.9)

  

Current marital Status

 Other*

15 (2.5)

0 (0.0)

15 (100.0)

  

13 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

13 (100.0)

  

 Married

595 (97.5)

54 (9.1)

541 (88.7)

**

 

535 (100.0)

41 (7.7)

494 (92.3)

**

 

 Total

610 (100.0)

54 (9.1)

556 (90.9)

  

548 (100.0)

41 (7.5)

507 (92.5)

  

Previously married

 No

603 (97.7)

54 (9.0)

549 (91.0)

  

540 (97.6)

39 (7.2)

501 (92.8)

  

 Yes

14 (2.3)

1 (7.1)

13 (92.9)

***

 

13 (2.4)

1 (7.7)

12 (92.3)

***

 

 Total

617 (100.0)

55 (8.9)

562 (91.1)

  

553 (100.0)

40 (7.2)

513 (92.8)

  

Husband previously married

 No

550 (89.1)

49 (8.9)

501 (91.1)

1.00

 

490 (88.9)

36 (7.3)

454 (92.7)

1.00

 

 Yes

67 (10.9)

6 (9.0)

61 (91.0)

1.01 (0.41–2.45)

0.9900

61 (11.1)

4 (6.6)

57 (93.4)

1.13 (0.39–3.29)

0.8228

 Total

617 (100.0)

55 (8.9)

562 (91.1)

  

551 (100.0)

40 (7.3)

511 (92.7)

  

Number of children

 ≤ 1

130 (20.9)

13 (10.0)

117 (90.0)

1.00

 

119 (21.2)

14 (11.8)

105 (88.2)

1.00

-

 2

242 (38.8)

22 (9.1)

220 (90.9)

0.90 (0.44–1.85)

0.7746

219 (39.1)

13 (5.9)

206 (94.1)

0.47 (0.22–1.04)

0.0637

 3

154 (24.7)

11 (7.1)

143 (92.9)

0.69 (0.30–1.60)

0.3907

137 (24.5)

8 (5.8)

129 (94.2)

0.47 (0.19–1.15)

0.0977

 ≥ 4

97 (15.6)

9 (9.3)

88 (90.7)

0.92 (0.38–2.25)

0.8557

85 (15.2)

6 (7.1)

79 (92.9)

0.57 (0.21–1.55)

0.2700

 Total

623 (100.0)

55 (8.8)

568 (91.2)

  

560 (100.0)

41 (7.3)

519 (92.7)

  

Drink alcohol

 No

573 (91.4)

49 (8.6)

524 (91.4)

1.00

-

515 (91.5)

34 (6.6)

481 (93.4)

1.00

 

 Yes

54 (8.6)

6 (11.1)

48 (88.9

1.34 (0.55–3.28)

0.5258

48 (8.5)

6 (12.5)

42 (87.5)

2.02 (0.80–5.09)

0.1353

 Total

627 (100.0)

55 (8.8)

572 (91.2)

  

563 (100.0)

40 (7.6)

523 (92.4)

  

Currently smoke

 No

550 (90.8)

50 (9.1)

500 (90.7)

  

517 (90.8)

38 (7.4)

479 (92.7)

  

 Yes

56 (9.2)

2 (3.6)

54 (96.4)

***

 

47 (9.2)

3 (6.4)

44 (93.6)

***

 

 Total

606 (100.0)

52 (8.6)

554 (91.4)

  

564 (100.0)

41 (7.3)

523 (92.7)

  

Husband migrated for work

 No

393 (74.6)

30 (7.6)

363 (92.4)

1.00

 

354 (74.2)

17 (4.8)

337 (95.2)

1.00

 

 Outside the district

23 (4.4)

5 (21.7)

18 (78.3)

3.36 (1.17–9.69)

0.0248

19 (4.0)

1 (5.3)

18 (87.5)

***

 

 Outside the country

111 (21.0)

10 (9.0)

101 (91.0)

1.20 (0.57–2.53)

0.6363

104 (21.8)

13 (12.5)

91 (94.7)

2.83 (1.33–6.05)

0.0073

 Total

527 (100.0)

45 (8.5)

582 (91.5)

  

477 (100.0)

31 (6.5)

446 (93.5)

  
  1. ƗCervical cytology classification: “Normal” includes: benign cellular changes, WNL results Within Normal Limits, ASCUS Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance, or actinomycosis; “Abnormal” includes: ASC-H Atypical Squamous Cells- cannot exclude High-grade, LSIL Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, HSIL High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, AGUS Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance; and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (none in this sample)
  2. §OR (95% CI) = Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
  3. *Other included single, divorced/separated, and widowed women
  4. **OR undefined
  5. ***Too few data to estimate an OR