|
Risk Factor
|
High-risk HPV
|
Cervical CytologyƗ
|
|---|
|
n (%)
| | |
n (%)
| | |
|---|
|
Total
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
OR (95% CI)§
|
p- value
|
Total
|
Abnormal
|
Normal
|
OR (95% Cl)§
|
p- value
|
|---|
|
Nationality
|
|
Nepali
|
542 (84.6)
|
46 (8.5)
|
496 (91.5)
|
1.00
| |
494 (14.2)
|
36 (7.3)
|
458 (92.7)
|
1.00
| |
|
Bhutanese
|
99 (15.4)
|
11 (11.1)
|
88 (88.9)
|
1.35 (0.67–2.70)
|
0.4000
|
82 (85.8)
|
5 (6.1)
|
77 (93.9)
|
0.83 (0.31–2.17)
|
0.6984
|
|
Total
|
641 (100.0)
|
57 (8.9)
|
584 (91.1)
| | |
576 (100.0)
|
41 (7.1)
|
535 (92.9)
| | |
|
Age, years
|
|
45–69
|
175 (27.4)
|
9 (5.1)
|
166 (94.9)
|
1.00
| |
151 (26.3)
|
10 (6.6)
|
141 (93.4)
|
1.00
| |
|
19–44
|
464 (72.6)
|
48 (10.3)
|
416 (89.7)
|
2.13 (1.02–4.44)
|
0.0438
|
423 (73.7)
|
31 (7.3)
|
392 (92.7)
|
1.12 (0.53–2.33)
|
0.7725
|
|
Total
|
639 (100.0)
|
57 (8.9)
|
582 (91.1)
| | |
574 (100.0)
|
41 (7.1)
|
533 (92.9)
| | |
|
Formal education
|
|
None
|
185 (28.9)
|
15 (8.1)
|
170 (91.9)
|
1.00
| |
162 (28.1)
|
9 (5.6)
|
153 (94.4)
|
1.00
| |
|
Some
|
456 (71.1)
|
42 (9.2)
|
414 (90.8)
|
1.15 (0.62–2.13)
|
0.6570
|
414 (71.9)
|
32 (7.7)
|
382 (92.3)
|
1.42 (0.66–3.05)
|
0.3642
|
|
Total
|
641 (100.0)
|
57 (8.9)
|
584 (91.1)
| | |
576 (100.0)
|
41 (7.1)
|
535 (92.9)
| | |
|
Current marital Status
|
|
Other*
|
15 (2.5)
|
0 (0.0)
|
15 (100.0)
| | |
13 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
13 (100.0)
| | |
|
Married
|
595 (97.5)
|
54 (9.1)
|
541 (88.7)
|
**
| |
535 (100.0)
|
41 (7.7)
|
494 (92.3)
|
**
| |
|
Total
|
610 (100.0)
|
54 (9.1)
|
556 (90.9)
| | |
548 (100.0)
|
41 (7.5)
|
507 (92.5)
| | |
|
Previously married
|
|
No
|
603 (97.7)
|
54 (9.0)
|
549 (91.0)
| | |
540 (97.6)
|
39 (7.2)
|
501 (92.8)
| | |
|
Yes
|
14 (2.3)
|
1 (7.1)
|
13 (92.9)
|
***
| |
13 (2.4)
|
1 (7.7)
|
12 (92.3)
|
***
| |
|
Total
|
617 (100.0)
|
55 (8.9)
|
562 (91.1)
| | |
553 (100.0)
|
40 (7.2)
|
513 (92.8)
| | |
|
Husband previously married
|
|
No
|
550 (89.1)
|
49 (8.9)
|
501 (91.1)
|
1.00
| |
490 (88.9)
|
36 (7.3)
|
454 (92.7)
|
1.00
| |
|
Yes
|
67 (10.9)
|
6 (9.0)
|
61 (91.0)
|
1.01 (0.41–2.45)
|
0.9900
|
61 (11.1)
|
4 (6.6)
|
57 (93.4)
|
1.13 (0.39–3.29)
|
0.8228
|
|
Total
|
617 (100.0)
|
55 (8.9)
|
562 (91.1)
| | |
551 (100.0)
|
40 (7.3)
|
511 (92.7)
| | |
|
Number of children
|
|
≤ 1
|
130 (20.9)
|
13 (10.0)
|
117 (90.0)
|
1.00
| |
119 (21.2)
|
14 (11.8)
|
105 (88.2)
|
1.00
|
-
|
|
2
|
242 (38.8)
|
22 (9.1)
|
220 (90.9)
|
0.90 (0.44–1.85)
|
0.7746
|
219 (39.1)
|
13 (5.9)
|
206 (94.1)
|
0.47 (0.22–1.04)
|
0.0637
|
|
3
|
154 (24.7)
|
11 (7.1)
|
143 (92.9)
|
0.69 (0.30–1.60)
|
0.3907
|
137 (24.5)
|
8 (5.8)
|
129 (94.2)
|
0.47 (0.19–1.15)
|
0.0977
|
|
≥ 4
|
97 (15.6)
|
9 (9.3)
|
88 (90.7)
|
0.92 (0.38–2.25)
|
0.8557
|
85 (15.2)
|
6 (7.1)
|
79 (92.9)
|
0.57 (0.21–1.55)
|
0.2700
|
|
Total
|
623 (100.0)
|
55 (8.8)
|
568 (91.2)
| | |
560 (100.0)
|
41 (7.3)
|
519 (92.7)
| | |
|
Drink alcohol
|
|
No
|
573 (91.4)
|
49 (8.6)
|
524 (91.4)
|
1.00
|
-
|
515 (91.5)
|
34 (6.6)
|
481 (93.4)
|
1.00
| |
|
Yes
|
54 (8.6)
|
6 (11.1)
|
48 (88.9
|
1.34 (0.55–3.28)
|
0.5258
|
48 (8.5)
|
6 (12.5)
|
42 (87.5)
|
2.02 (0.80–5.09)
|
0.1353
|
|
Total
|
627 (100.0)
|
55 (8.8)
|
572 (91.2)
| | |
563 (100.0)
|
40 (7.6)
|
523 (92.4)
| | |
|
Currently smoke
|
|
No
|
550 (90.8)
|
50 (9.1)
|
500 (90.7)
| | |
517 (90.8)
|
38 (7.4)
|
479 (92.7)
| | |
|
Yes
|
56 (9.2)
|
2 (3.6)
|
54 (96.4)
|
***
| |
47 (9.2)
|
3 (6.4)
|
44 (93.6)
|
***
| |
|
Total
|
606 (100.0)
|
52 (8.6)
|
554 (91.4)
| | |
564 (100.0)
|
41 (7.3)
|
523 (92.7)
| | |
|
Husband migrated for work
|
|
No
|
393 (74.6)
|
30 (7.6)
|
363 (92.4)
|
1.00
| |
354 (74.2)
|
17 (4.8)
|
337 (95.2)
|
1.00
| |
|
Outside the district
|
23 (4.4)
|
5 (21.7)
|
18 (78.3)
|
3.36 (1.17–9.69)
|
0.0248
|
19 (4.0)
|
1 (5.3)
|
18 (87.5)
|
***
| |
|
Outside the country
|
111 (21.0)
|
10 (9.0)
|
101 (91.0)
|
1.20 (0.57–2.53)
|
0.6363
|
104 (21.8)
|
13 (12.5)
|
91 (94.7)
|
2.83 (1.33–6.05)
|
0.0073
|
|
Total
|
527 (100.0)
|
45 (8.5)
|
582 (91.5)
| | |
477 (100.0)
|
31 (6.5)
|
446 (93.5)
| | |
-
ƗCervical cytology classification: “Normal” includes: benign cellular changes, WNL results Within Normal Limits, ASCUS Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance, or actinomycosis; “Abnormal” includes: ASC-H Atypical Squamous Cells- cannot exclude High-grade, LSIL Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, HSIL High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, AGUS Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance; and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (none in this sample)
-
§OR (95% CI) = Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
- *Other included single, divorced/separated, and widowed women
- **OR undefined
- ***Too few data to estimate an OR
