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Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses regarding the risk factors of the carbapenem-resistant E.coli (CREC) and carbapenem-susceptible E.coli (CSEC) groups

From: Risk factors and medical costs for healthcare-associated carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli infection among hospitalized patients in a Chinese teaching hospital

Variable

Study group

Univariate

Multivariable

Case (n = 49)

Control (n = 98)

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95%CI

P

Demographic characteristics

 Sex, male (%)

20 (41%)

40 (41%)

  

0.57

   

 Age {year, median (range)}

51 (0–82)

53 (0–91)

  

0.69

   

Related to hospitalization

 Prior hospital stay (<6 months)

8 (77%)

57 (58%)

2.48

1.10-5.56

0.03

3.96

1.26-12.42

0.02

 ICU stay (<6 months)

18 (36%)

22 (22%)

1.48

0.98-2.24

0.06

   

 Operation history

26 (53%)

28 (29%)

2.53

1.28-5.01

0.01

   

 Urinary catheter insertion

32 (65%)

59 (60%)

1.55

1.04-2.32

0.03

   

 Mechanical ventilation

16 (32%)

18 (18%)

1.80

0.97-3.35

0.06

   

 Tracheostomy

12 (24%)

10 (10%)

1.64

1.09-2.45

0.02

2.24

1.14-4.38

0.02

 Bronchofibroscope use

7 (14%)

0 (0%)

72.96

0.53-9980.04

0.09

   

 Central venous catheter insertion

15 (30%)

7 (7%)

4.48

1.72-11.67

0.00

8.15

2.31-28.72

0.00

 Gastric tube insertion

28 (57%)

37 (37%)

1.53

1.09-2.16

0.01

   

 Wound drainage tube use

18 (36%)

27 (27%)

1.46

0.93-2.29

0.09

   

Underlying disorder

 Central nervous diseases

17 (34%)

35 (35%)

0.96

0.47-1.96

0.52

   

 Respiratory diseases

7 (14%)

18 (18%)

0.74

0.28-1.92

0.35

   

 Circulatory diseases

11 (22%)

24 (24%)

0.89

0.39-2.01

0.48

   

 Endocrine diseases

7 (14%)

11 (11%)

1.32

0.48-3.64

0.39

   

 Hematological diseases

3 (6%)

7 (7%)

0.85

0.21-3.43

0.56

   

 Digestive system diseases

9 (18%)

23 (23%)

0.73

0.31-1.74

0.31

   

 Urinary system diseases

11 (36%)

8 (27%)

3.61

1.23-10.61

0.02

16.69

3.01-89.76

0.00

 Autoimmune diseases

3 (6%)

5 (5%)

1.21

0.28-5.30

0.54

   

 Burn

10 (20%)

10 (10%)

2.26

0.87-5.86

0.08

   

Antimicrobials agents exposure

 Cephalosporins a

36 (73%)

52 (53%)

2.45

1.16-5.18

0.01

   

 Carbapenemsb

19 (38%)

19 (19%)

1.91

1.19-3.04

0.01

   

 Antifungal agentsc

17 (35%)

9 (9%)

1.63

1.15-2.32

0.01

   

 Anti-anaerobic agentsd

2 (4%)

3 (3%)

1.34

0.22-8.34

0.54

   

 Glycopeptidese and Oxazolidinones

13 (26%)

10 (10%)

1.73

1.08-2.78

0.02

   

Relative laboratory results

 Hemoglobin

104 ± 26

114 ± 26

1.71

1.13-2.59

0.01

2.83

1.46-5.50

0.00

 Serum creatinine

116 ± 151

115 ± 25

2.85

0.85-9.60

0.09

   

 Blood albumin

32 ± 7

36 ± 7

1.65

1.05-2.57

0.03

   

 Blood glucose

9 ± 7

6 ± 3

2.59

1.16-5.77

0.02

7.01

1.89-26.02

0.00

  1. NOTE. Categorical variables are no/total no (%), and continuous variables are mean ± SD.CI:confidence interval, OR:odds ratio
  2. a Cephalosporins include First, second, third and fourth generation cephalosporins
  3. bCarbapenems include imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem
  4. cAntifungal agents include metronidazole and tinidazole
  5. dAnti-anaerobic agents include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin
  6. eGlycopeptides include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and norvancomycin