Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among the general population in a livestock-dense area in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional population-based serological survey

Table 2 Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in the general population and potential determinants for HEV seropositivity

Determinants	N	Seroprevalence (%)^a	Crude OR^b	[95% CI]^c	Adjusted OR^b,d,e	[95% CI]^c
Age (years)
20–30	50	10.0	Ref.		Ref.
30–40	179	15.1	1.60	[0.58–4.39]	1.49	[0.54–4.13]
40–50	432	19.2	2.14	[0.82–5.55]	2.01	[0.77–5.26]
50–60	661	25.1	3.02	[1.18–7.72]	2.58	[1.00–6.70]
60–70	938	37.5	5.40	[2.13–13.73]	4.22	[1.63–10.91]
> =70	162	38.3	5.58	[2.10–14.80]	4.15	[1.53–11.24]
Gender
Female	1,318	25.6	Ref.		Ref.
Male	1,104	32.3	1.39	[1.16–1.65]	1.21	[1.00–1.47]
Educational level
High	733	24.8	Ref.		Ref.
Medium	1,080	26.9	1.12	[0.90–1.38]	1.10	[0.87–1.38]
Low	609	36.5	1.74	[1.37–2.20]	1.36	[1.04–1.76]
Diet without pork meat
No	2,360	28.8	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	47	19.2	0.59	[0.28–1.22]	0.72	[0.33–1.59]
Missing	15
Ever smoked
No	1,034	26.5	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	1,388	30.3	1.21	[1.01–1.45]	0.96	[0.79–1.17]
Childhood in study region
No	580	32.2	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	1,816	27.4	0.79	[0.65–0.97]	0.85	[0.68–1.07]
Missing	26
Childhood on pig farm
No	1,928	27.6	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	468	32.5	1.26	[1.02–1.57]	1.21	[0.94–1.55]
Missing	26
Performed jobs on farm during childhood
No	1,090	26.9	Ref.	-	Ref.
Yes	1,220	29.7	1.15	[0.96–1.38]	1.02	[0.83–1.27]
Missing	112
Number of pigs within 1000 m of residential address (tertiles)
Low^f	807	32.1	Ref.		Ref.
Intermediate^g	808	26.9	0.78	[0.63–0.96]	0.79	[0.63–0.99]
High^h	807	27.1	0.79	[0.64–0.98]	0.83	[0.66–1.04]

^aIncluding both positive and borderline samples (anti-HEV IgG ratio > = 0.90)
^bOdds Ratio
^c95% Confidence Interval
^dORs are adjusted for age, gender, educational level, diet without pork meat, ever smoked, childhood in study region, childhood on pig farm, jobs on farm during childhood and number of pigs within 1000 m of residential address
^eAdjusted ORs and 95% CIs were calculated for cases without missing answers (N = 2,301)
^fNumber of pigs within 1000 m < = 1,003
^gNumber of pigs within 1000 m > 1,003 and < = 5,771
^hNumber of pigs within 1000 m > 5,771

ISSN: 1471-2334