Pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns from two cross-sectional colonization surveys among children aged <5 years prior to the introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine — Kenya, 2009–2010

Kobayashi, Miwako; Conklin, Laura M.; Bigogo, Godfrey; Jagero, Geofrey; Hampton, Lee; Fleming-Dutra, Katherine E.; Junghae, Muthoni; Carvalho, Maria da Gloria; Pimenta, Fabiana; Beall, Bernard; Taylor, Thomas; Laserson, Kayla F.; Vulule, John; Van Beneden, Chris; Kim, Lindsay; Feikin, Daniel R.; Whitney, Cynthia G.; Breiman, Robert F.

doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2103-0

Table 4 Factors associated with penicillin non-susceptibility among children in Kibera and Lwak, 2009

From: Pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns from two cross-sectional colonization surveys among children aged <5 years prior to the introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine — Kenya, 2009–2010

Characteristic	Total number of children N = 694	PCN-nonsusceptible N = 490 (Weighted %; 95% CI)	Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
Place of residence
Lwak	155	125 (80.6; 74.4–86.9)	Ref	ref
Kibera	469	365 (77.7; 73.9–81.5)	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	0.94 (0.85–1.03)
Serotype group
NVT	368	267 (74.1; 69.3–79.0)	Ref	ref
PCV10 serotype	256	223 (86.6; 81.9–91.3)	1.17 (1.08–1.27)*	1.17 (1.07–1.27)*
Age group
< 1 years	101	85 (85.1; 77.5–92.7)	Ref	ref
1–4 years	523	405 (78.1; 74.2–82.0)	0.92 (0.83–1.02)	0.94 (0.84–1.04)
Number of children aged <5 years in the home
1	312	241 (76.9; 71.7–82.2)	Ref	Ref
2 or more	312	249 (81.2; 76.6–85.9)	1.06 (0.97–1.15)	1.06 (0.97–1.15)
Number of days attending school or daycare per week
0	357	288 (81.0; 76.5–85.4)	Ref	Ref
1 or more	265	201 (77.2; 71.8–82.7)	0.95 (0.87–1.04)	0.94 (0.86–1.04)
Recent illness (within 30 days, compared to those with no illness)
No cough	297	235 (80.7; 75.9–85.5)	Ref	Ref
Cough	327	255 (77.4; 72.3–82.5)	0.96 (0.88–1.05)	0.98 (0.89–1.08)
No pneumonia	589	460 (78.7; 75.1–82.3)	Ref	Ref
Pneumonia	35	30 (85.5; 72.4–98.6)	1.09 (0.93–1.28)	1.07 (0.91–1.27)
No fast breathing	543	424 (78.9; 69.9–89.8)	Ref	Ref
Fast breathing	81	66 (79.8; 69.9–89.8)	1.01 (0.89–1.16)	1.03 (0.89–1.19)
No fever	345	273 (80.6; 76.1–85.1)	Ref	Ref
Fever	279	217 (77.0; 71.4–82.5)	0.95 (0.87–1.05)	0.95 (0.85–1.05)
Penicillin, ampicillin, or amoxicillin use (compared to those with no use)^b
No current use	610	477 (78.6; 75.0–82.2)	Ref	Ref
Current use^a	14	13 (95.3; 86.1–100)	1.21 (1.09–1.35)	1.22 (1.07–1.39)*
No use within the past 7 days	572	449 (79.1; 75.4–82.8)	Ref	Ref
Within the past 7 days	52	41 (78.3; 65.8–90.8)	0.99 (0.84–1.17)	1.00 (0.84–1.19)
No use within the past 30 days	501	393 (79.3; 75.4–83.2)	Ref	Ref
Within the past 30 days	123	97 (77.7; 69.4–85.9)	0.98 (0.87–1.10)	0.98 (0.86–1.11)

NVT non-vaccine type
*Statistically significant
^aCurrent refers to the day of interview
^bThe categories of antibiotic use in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., “within the past 30 days” include those who reported current use and use within the past 7 days), therefore, the adjusted prevalence ratios “within the past 7 days” and “within the past 30 days” were calculated using separate models which only include one antibiotic use category

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