TY - JOUR AU - Wroe, P. C. AU - Finkelstein, J. A. AU - Ray, G. T. AU - Linder, J. A. AU - Johnson, K. M. AU - Rifas-Shiman, S. AU - Moore, M. R. AU - Huang, S. S. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Aging population and future burden of pneumococcal pneumonia in the United States JO - J Infect Dis VL - 205 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis240 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jis240 ID - Wroe2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kyaw, M. H. AU - Christie, P. AU - Clarke, S. C. AU - Mooney, J. D. AU - Ahmed, S. AU - Jones, I. G. AU - Campbell, H. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland, 1999–2001: use of record linkage to explore associations between patients and disease in relation to future vaccination policy JO - Clin Infect Dis VL - 37 UR - https://doi.org/10.1086/379016 DO - 10.1086/379016 ID - Kyaw2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Drijkoningen, J. J. AU - Rohde, G. G. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Pneumococcal infection in adults: burden of disease JO - Clin Microbiol Infect VL - 20 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12461 DO - 10.1111/1469-0691.12461 ID - Drijkoningen2014 ER - TY - STD TI - German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute/Effective: August 2015. doi:10.17886/EpiBull-2015-001.3. 2015 ID - ref4 ER - TY - STD TI - Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). JCVI interim statement on adult pneumococcal vaccination. 2015. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-interim-statement-on-adult-pneumococcal-vaccination. Accessed 18 Nov 2016. UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-interim-statement-on-adult-pneumococcal-vaccination ID - ref5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tomczyk, S. AU - Bennett, N. M. AU - Stoecker, C. AU - Gierke, R. AU - Moore, M. R. AU - Whitney, C. G. AU - Hadler, S. AU - Pilishvili, T. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged >/=65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) JO - MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep VL - 63 ID - Tomczyk2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Andrews, N. J. AU - Waight, P. A. AU - George, R. C. AU - Slack, M. P. AU - Miller, E. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Impact and effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in the elderly in England and Wales JO - Vaccine VL - 30 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.019 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.019 ID - Andrews2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ochoa-Gondar, O. AU - Vila-Corcoles, A. AU - Rodriguez-Blanco, T. AU - Gomez-Bertomeu, F. AU - Figuerola-Massana, E. AU - Raga-Luria, X. AU - Hospital-Guardiola, I. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against community-acquired pneumonia in the general population aged >/= 60 years: 3 years of follow-up in the CAPAMIS study JO - Clin Infect Dis VL - 58 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu002 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciu002 ID - Ochoa-Gondar2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Artz, A. S. AU - Ershler, W. B. AU - Longo, D. L. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Pneumococcal vaccination and revaccination of older adults JO - Clin Microbiol Rev VL - 16 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.2.308-318.2003 DO - 10.1128/CMR.16.2.308-318.2003 ID - Artz2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - O’Brien, K. L. AU - Hochman, M. AU - Goldblatt, D. PY - 2007 DA - 2007// TI - Combined schedules of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines: is hyporesponsiveness an issue? JO - Lancet Infect Dis VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70210-4 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70210-4 ID - O’Brien2007 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hammitt, L. L. AU - Bulkow, L. R. AU - Singleton, R. J. AU - Nuorti, J. P. AU - Hummel, K. B. AU - Miernyk, K. M. AU - Zanis, C. AU - Whaley, M. AU - Romero-Steiner, S. AU - Butler, J. C. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Repeat revaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged 55–74 years living in Alaska: no evidence of hyporesponsiveness JO - Vaccine VL - 29 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.029 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.029 ID - Hammitt2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Musher, D. M. AU - Manof, S. B. AU - Liss, C. AU - McFetridge, R. D. AU - Marchese, R. D. AU - Bushnell, B. AU - Alvarez, F. AU - Painter, C. AU - Blum, M. D. AU - Silber, J. L. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Safety and antibody response, including antibody persistence for 5 years, after primary vaccination or revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in middle-aged and older adults JO - J Infect Dis VL - 201 UR - https://doi.org/10.1086/649839 DO - 10.1086/649839 ID - Musher2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jackson, L. A. AU - Benson, P. AU - Sneller, V. P. AU - Butler, J. C. AU - Thompson, R. S. AU - Chen, R. T. AU - Lewis, L. S. AU - Carlone, G. AU - DeStefano, F. AU - Holder, P. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine JO - JAMA VL - 281 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.3.243 DO - 10.1001/jama.281.3.243 ID - Jackson1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Grabenstein, J. D. AU - Manoff, S. B. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Pneumococcal polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine: long-term persistence of circulating antibody and immunogenicity and safety after revaccination in adults JO - Vaccine VL - 30 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.052 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.052 ID - Grabenstein2012 ER - TY - STD TI - Health Service Executive. Immunisation Guidelines for Ireland, 2013. Chapter 16- Pneumococcal Infection (updated 25th August 2015). Available at: http://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/chapter16.pdf. 2013. UR - http://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/chapter16.pdf ID - ref15 ER - TY - STD TI - European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). National immunisation schedules. 2005–2016. Available at: http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Pages/Scheduler.aspx##. Accessed 18 Nov 2016. UR - http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Pages/Scheduler.aspx ID - ref16 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Feikin, D. R. AU - Kagucia, E. W. AU - Loo, J. D. AU - Link-Gelles, R. AU - Puhan, M. A. AU - Cherian, T. AU - Levine, O. S. AU - Whitney, C. G. AU - O’Brien, K. L. AU - Moore, M. R. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Serotype-specific changes in invasive pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction: a pooled analysis of multiple surveillance sites JO - PLoS Med VL - 10 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 ID - Feikin2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rodrigo, C. AU - Bewick, T. AU - Sheppard, C. AU - Greenwood, S. AU - McKeever, T. M. AU - Trotter, C. L. AU - Slack, M. AU - George, R. AU - Lim, W. S. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Impact of infant 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotypes in adult pneumonia JO - Eur Respir J VL - 45 UR - https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00183614 DO - 10.1183/09031936.00183614 ID - Rodrigo2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Waight, P. A. AU - Andrews, N. J. AU - Ladhani, N. J. AU - Sheppard, C. L. AU - Slack, M. P. AU - Miller, E. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales 4 years after its introduction: an observational cohort study JO - Lancet Infect Dis VL - 15 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00030-4 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00030-4 ID - Waight2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moher, D. AU - Liberati, A. AU - Tetzlaff, J. AU - Altman, D. G. AU - Group, P. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement JO - Ann Intern Med VL - 151 UR - https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 DO - 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 ID - Moher2009 ER - TY - STD TI - Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Collaboration 2011. Available from: http://handbook.cochrane.org/. Accessed 18 Nov 2016. UR - http://handbook.cochrane.org/ ID - ref21 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jackson, L. A. AU - Gurtman, A. AU - Cleeff, M. AU - Frenck, R. W. AU - Treanor, J. AU - Jansen, K. U. AU - Scott, D. A. AU - Emini, E. A. AU - Gruber, W. C. AU - Schmoele-Thoma, B. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Influence of initial vaccination with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on anti-pneumococcal responses following subsequent pneumococcal vaccination in adults 50 years and older JO - Vaccine VL - 31 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.084 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.084 ID - Jackson2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dransfield, M. T. AU - Harnden, S. AU - Burton, R. L. AU - Albert, R. K. AU - Bailey, W. C. AU - Casaburi, R. AU - Connett, J. AU - Cooper, J. A. AU - Criner, G. J. AU - Curtis, J. L. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Long-term comparative immunogenicity of protein conjugate and free polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease JO - Clin Infect Dis VL - 55 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis513 DO - 10.1093/cid/cis513 ID - Dransfield2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Torling, J. AU - Hedlund, J. AU - Konradsen, H. B. AU - Ortqvist, A. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Revaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in middle-aged and elderly persons previously treated for pneumonia JO - Vaccine VL - 22 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00521-8 DO - 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00521-8 ID - Torling2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Manoff, S. B. AU - Liss, C. AU - Caulfield, M. J. AU - Marchese, R. D. AU - Silber, J. AU - Boslego, J. AU - Romero-Steiner, S. AU - Rajam, G. AU - Glass, N. E. AU - Whitney, C. G. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Revaccination with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine induces elevated and persistent functional antibody responses in adults aged ≥65 years JO - J Infect Dis VL - 201 UR - https://doi.org/10.1086/651131 DO - 10.1086/651131 ID - Manoff2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - D’Heilly, S. AU - Bauman, W. L. AU - Nichol, K. L. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Safety and acceptability of pneumococcal vaccinations administered in nontraditional settings JO - Am J Infect Control VL - 30 UR - https://doi.org/10.1067/mic.2002.121554 DO - 10.1067/mic.2002.121554 ID - D’Heilly2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jackson, L. A. AU - Nelson, J. C. AU - Whitney, C. G. AU - Neuzil, K. M. AU - Benson, P. AU - Malais, D. AU - Baggs, J. AU - Mullooly, J. AU - Black, S. AU - Shay, D. K. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Assessment of the safety of a third dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the Vaccine Safety Datalink population JO - Vaccine VL - 24 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.066 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.066 ID - Jackson2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Musher, D. M. AU - Manoff, S. B. AU - McFetridge, R. D. AU - Liss, C. L. AU - Marchese, R. D. AU - Raab, J. AU - Rueda, A. M. AU - Walker, M. L. AU - Hoover, P. A. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Antibody persistence ten years after first and second doses of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and immunogenicity and safety of second and third doses in older adults JO - Hum Vaccin VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.7.9.15996 DO - 10.4161/hv.7.9.15996 ID - Musher2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ohshima, N. AU - Nagai, H. AU - Matsui, H. AU - Akashi, S. AU - Makino, T. AU - Akeda, Y. AU - Oishi, K. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Sustained functional serotype-specific antibody after primary and secondary vaccinations with a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in elderly patients with chronic lung disease JO - Vaccine VL - 32 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.060 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.060 ID - Ohshima2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shih, A. AU - Quinley, J. AU - Lee, T. K. AU - Messina, C. R. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Assessing pneumococcal revaccination safety among New York State Medicare beneficiaries JO - Public Health Rep (Washington, DC : 1974) VL - 117 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50123-1 DO - 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50123-1 ID - Shih2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tobudic, S. AU - Plunger, V. AU - Sunder-Plassmann, G. AU - Riegersperger, M. AU - Burgmann, H. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Randomized, single blind, controlled trial to evaluate the prime-boost strategy for pneumococcal vaccination in renal transplant recipients JO - PLoS One VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046133 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0046133 ID - Tobudic2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Walker, F. J. AU - Singleton, R. J. AU - Bulkow, L. R. AU - Strikas, R. A. AU - Butler, J. C. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - Reactions after 3 or more doses of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults in Alaska JO - Clin Infect Dis VL - 40 UR - https://doi.org/10.1086/430305 DO - 10.1086/430305 ID - Walker2005 ER - TY - JOUR PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months --- United States, 2009 JO - MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep VL - 59 ID - ref33 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Abraham-Van Parijs, B. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Review of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults: implications on clinical development JO - Vaccine VL - 22 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.029 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.029 ID - Abraham-Van Parijs2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chen, R. T. AU - Orenstein, W. A. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Epidemiologic methods in immunization programs JO - Epidemiol Rev VL - 18 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017931 DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017931 ID - Chen1996 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Principi, N. AU - Esposito, S. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Serological criteria and carriage measurement for evaluation of new pneumococcal vaccines JO - Hum Vaccin Immunother VL - 11 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1033600 DO - 10.1080/21645515.2015.1033600 ID - Principi2015 ER - TY - JOUR PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - Who Expert Committee on Biological Standardization JO - World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser VL - 927 ID - ref37 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Andrews, N. J. AU - Waight, P. A. AU - Burbidge, P. AU - Pearce, E. AU - Roalfe, L. AU - Zancolli, M. AU - Slack, M. AU - Ladhani, S. N. AU - Miller, E. AU - Goldblatt, D. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Serotype-specific effectiveness and correlates of protection for the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a postlicensure indirect cohort study JO - Lancet Infect Dis VL - 14 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70822-9 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70822-9 ID - Andrews2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moberley, S. AU - Holden, J. AU - Tatham, D. P. AU - Andrews, R. M. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults JO - Cochrane Database Syst Rev VL - 1 ID - Moberley2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kraicer-Melamed, H. AU - O’Donnell, S. AU - Quach, C. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - The effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23 (PPV23) in the general population of 50 years of age and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis JO - Vaccine VL - 34 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.024 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.024 ID - Kraicer-Melamed2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Johnson, S. E. AU - Rubin, L. AU - Romero-Steiner, S. AU - Dykes, J. K. AU - Pais, L. B. AU - Rizvi, A. AU - Ades, E. AU - Carlone, G. M. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Correlation of opsonophagocytosis and passive protection assays using human anticapsular antibodies in an infant mouse model of bacteremia for Streptococcus pneumoniae JO - J Infect Dis VL - 180 UR - https://doi.org/10.1086/314845 DO - 10.1086/314845 ID - Johnson1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Musher, D. M. AU - Phan, H. M. AU - Watson, D. A. AU - Baughn, R. E. PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Antibody to capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae at the time of hospital admission for Pneumococcal pneumonia JO - J Infect Dis VL - 182 UR - https://doi.org/10.1086/315697 DO - 10.1086/315697 ID - Musher2000 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Yokochi, T. AU - Kato, Y. AU - Sugiyama, T. AU - Koide, N. AU - Morikawa, A. AU - Jiang, G. Z. AU - Kawai, M. AU - Yoshida, T. AU - Fukada, M. AU - Takahashi, K. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptotic cell death of B memory cells and regulates B cell memory in antigen-nonspecific manner JO - FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol VL - 15 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00351.x DO - 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00351.x ID - Yokochi1996 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Clutterbuck, E. A. AU - Lazarus, R. AU - Yu, L. M. AU - Bowman, J. AU - Bateman, E. A. AU - Diggle, L. AU - Angus, B. AU - Peto, T. E. AU - Beverley, P. C. AU - Mant, D. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Pneumococcal conjugate and plain polysaccharide vaccines have divergent effects on antigen-specific B cells JO - J Infect Dis VL - 205 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis212 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jis212 ID - Clutterbuck2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Baxendale, H. E. AU - Keating, S. M. AU - Johnson, M. AU - Southern, J. AU - Miller, E. AU - Goldblatt, D. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - The early kinetics of circulating pneumococcal-specific memory B cells following pneumococcal conjugate and plain polysaccharide vaccines in the elderly JO - Vaccine VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.103 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.103 ID - Baxendale2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Baxendale, H. E. AU - Johnson, M. AU - Keating, S. M. AU - Ashton, L. AU - Burbidge, P. AU - Woodgate, S. AU - Southern, J. AU - Miller, E. AU - Goldblatt, D. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Circulating pneumococcal specific plasma and memory B cells in the elderly two years after pneumococcal conjugate versus polysaccharide vaccination JO - Vaccine VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.004 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.004 ID - Baxendale2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Meltzer, U. AU - Goldblatt, D. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Pneumococcal polysaccharides interact with human dendritic cells JO - Infect Immun VL - 74 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.3.1890-1895.2006 DO - 10.1128/IAI.74.3.1890-1895.2006 ID - Meltzer2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heilmann, C. PY - 1987 DA - 1987// TI - Vaccination-induced activation of human blood T cells suppressing pneumococcal polysaccharide-specific B cells JO - Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand C Immunol VL - 95 ID - Heilmann1987 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Griffioen, A. W. AU - Rijkers, G. T. AU - Toebes, E. A. AU - Zegers, B. J. PY - 1991 DA - 1991// TI - The human in vitro anti-type 4 pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody response is regulated by suppressor T cells JO - Scand J Immunol VL - 34 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01541.x DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01541.x ID - Griffioen1991 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jeurissen, A. AU - Wuyts, M. AU - Kasran, A. AU - Ramdien-Murli, S. AU - Boon, L. AU - Ceuppens, J. L. AU - Bossuyt, X. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Essential role for CD40 ligand interactions in T lymphocyte-mediated modulation of the murine immune response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides JO - J Immunol VL - 168 UR - https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2773 DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2773 ID - Jeurissen2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Siegrist, C. A. PY - 2007 DA - 2007// TI - Mechanisms underlying adverse reactions to vaccines JO - J Comp Pathol VL - 137 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.012 DO - 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.012 ID - Siegrist2007 ER -