Table 1 Clinical measurements and collection of biomaterial

Anthropometry

Height: Stadiometer (Soehnle, Nassau, Germany) without shoes^a

Weight: Scale (Soehnle, Nassau, Germany) without shoes or heavy clothing^a

Waist and hip circumference: Measuring tape (SECA, Birmingham, UK)^a

Ankle-brachial index

Doppler (Sonotrax Basic A, Edan, San Diego, CA, U.S.)^a

Blood pressure

IntelliVue MP5SC (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands)^a

Electrocardiogram

Cardiosoft V6.73 (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK)^a

Spirometry

EasyOne® ultrasonic spirometer (ndd Medical, Zürich, Switzerland)^a

eNO

NIOX VERO® (Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden)^c

Transient elastography

Fibroscan (Fibroscan 402, Echosens^TM, Paris, France)^a

CT scans

CT angiography, CACS, CT chest, CT upper abdomen (Aquillion One scanner, Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan)^a

Blood (non-fasting)

Peripheral venous blood: Buffy coat^a, PBMC^b, plasma^a, serum^a

Urine (spot, non-fasting)

Collected in sterile polypropylene tube (Sarstedt, Nürnbrecht, Germany)^c

Stool (non-fasting)

Collected in polypropylene tube (Sarstedt, Nürnbrecht, Germany)^c