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Table 4 Multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with A(H5N1) virus infection in various age groups, data from seroprevalence surveys in 2006, 2007 and 2009, Cambodia

From: Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Characteristic

OR

95 % CI

p value

Prevalence among cases (%)

PAF (%)

All ages (35 cases and 115 control subjects)

 Poultry cage or place located under or attached to the house

6.7

1.6-28.3

0.010

77.8

66.2

 Presence of a pond in the house yard

0.2

0.06-0.8

0.027

28.6

-

 Presence of sick animals or animal that died from disease in the house yard

0.2

0.04-0.6

0.008

44.0

-

 Transporting poultry to trade

17.6

1.6-193.7

0.019

12.0

11.0

Providing care for the case during the illness or for the case's corpse

0.17

0.03-0.97

0.046

80.0

-

Age under 20 years old (22 cases and 77 control subjects)

 Swimming or bathing in ponds also accessed by poultry

4.6

1.1-19.1

0.038

54.6

42.7

 Feeding poultry

0.2

0.03-0.8

0.030

54.6

-

 Eating food prepared from sick poultry or poultry that died from disease

0.2

0.02-1.0

0.051

33.3

-

 Eating wild birds

4.9

0.9-26.8

0.066

50.0

39.8

Age ≥20 years old (13 cases and 38 control subjects)

 Gathering and placing poultry in their cages or nests

4.3

0.9-21.5

0.072

69.2

53.1

 Eating food prepared from sick poultry or poultry that died from disease

0.1

0.02-1.0

0.055

38.5

-

  1. OR odd ratio, multivariate analysis using conditional logistic regression model, CI confidence interval, PAF Population Attributable Fraction