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Table 2 Hygienic practices of study population in Kabul, Afghanistan, 2012

From: Hygienic practices and diarrheal illness among persons living in at-risk settings in Kabul, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study

 

IDP camp

Slum

P-valuea

Is it necessary to wash dirty hands?

 No

36 (36 %)

16 (16 %)

0.0117*

 Yes

64 (64 %)

84 (84 %)

 

Why is it not necessary to wash dirty hands?b

 Water unavailable

17 (47 %)

10 (63 %)

 

 Soap unavailable

2 (6 %)

1 (6 %)

 

 Not necessary

10 (28 %)

2 (13 %)

 

 Don't know

7 (19 %)

3 (19 %)

 

Do you wash hands with soap before eating?

 No

89 (89 %)

69 (69 %)

0.0050*

 Yes

11 (11 %)

31 (31 %)

 

Do you wash hands with soap after defecating?

 No

96 (96 %)

75 (75 %)

0.0020*

 Yes

4 (4 %)

25 (25 %)

 

Presence of sink

 No

61 (61 %)

24 (24 %)

0.0020*

 Yes

39 (39 %)

76 (76 %)

 

Drinking water source

 Unprotected

91 (91 %)

43 (43 %)

 

 Traditional Karezc

0 (0 %)

41 (41 %)

 

 Protected

9 (9 %)

16 (16 %)

 

Time to get drinking water

  > 10 min

50 (51 %)

51 (51 %)

1.0000

 10 min or less

49 (49 %)

49 (49 %)

 

Drinking water stored in separate container

 No

59 (59 %)

22 (22 %)

0.0020*

 In uncovered container

12 (12 %)

10 (10 %)

 

 In covered container

29 (29 %)

68 (68 %)

 

Duration of time storing drinking water

 More than 1 day

47 (47 %)

21 (21 %)

0.0020*

 1 day

53 (53 %)

79 (79 %)

 

Do you treat water before drinking?

 No

84 (84 %)

47 (47 %)

0.0020*

 Yes

16 (16 %)

53 (53 %)

 

Method of treating waterd

 Boiling

13 (59 %)

48 (79 %)

 

 Bleach

5 (23 %)

8 (13 %)

 

 Cloth filter

3 (14 %)

4 (7 %)

 

 Solar disinfection

1 (5 %)

1 (2 %)

 

Is it necessary to boil water every time before drinking?

 No

53 (53 %)

24 (24 %)

0.0020*

 Yes

47 (47 %)

76 (76 %)

 

Is running water safe to drink?

 No

58 (58 %)

70 (70 %)

0.3084

 Yes

42 (42 %)

30 (30 %)

 

Latrine shared between households

 No

58 (58 %)

78 (78 %)

0.0144*

 Yes

42 (42 %)

22 (22 %)

 

Type of latrine

 Vault

40 (40 %)

35 (36 %)

 

 Elevated Vault

43 (43 %)

32 (33 %)

 

 Pit

0 (0 %)

16 (16 %)

 

 Pour-flush

0 (0 %)

7 (7 %)

 

 Other

0 (0 %)

3 (3 %)

 

 None

17 (17 %)

4 (4 %)

 

Latrine locatione

 Outside

50 (60 %)

48 (50 %)

 

 Inside

33 (40 %)

48 (50 %)

 

Method of disinfecting latrine

 Ash

30 (36 %)

71 (74 %)

 

 Salt

0 (0 %)

6 (6 %)

 

 Chlorine

0 (0 %)

4 (4 %)

 

 Do not disinfect

53 (64 %)

15 (16 %)

 

Distance between latrine and drinking water sourcee

 More than 10 m

13 (16 %)

48 (50 %)

 

 10 m or less

70 (84 %)

48 (50 %)

 
  1. Notes
  2. IDP internally-displaced person
  3. *P < 0.05
  4. aAdjusted for multiple testing (for statistical tests in Tables 1, 2, and 3 together) with the Holm-Bonferroni method
  5. bAmong respondents who said washing dirty hands was unnecessary
  6. cA Karez is a traditional system to channel water from aquifers under hills or mountains into a settlement
  7. dAmong respondents who treat water. Respondents could select multiple methods
  8. eAmong respondents with a latrine