Table 1 Overview of selected references that assessed economic burden attributable to CDI by type of CDI considered in the US
ID | Reference | State, city | Data collection period | Type of CDI | Population | Sample size (Total) | Sample size (CDI cases) | Age of CDI patients Mean ± SD or (Range), years | CDI definition (short) | Quality assessment | Statistical methodology | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ali 2012 [27] | National | 2004–2008 | Comp. | Liver transplant | 193,714 | 5159 | >18 | ICD-9; 008.45 (Primary Diagnosis-PD, Secondary Diagnosis-SD) | Low | No matching; no regression | Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) |
2 | Ananthakrishnan 2008 [28] | National | 2003 | Comp. | IBD | 124,570 | 2804 | >18 CDI: 73a; CDI-IBD: 54a | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
3 | Arora 2011 [29] | Houston | 2007–2008 | Req. | General | 85 | 85 | Horn’s Index Score 1&2: 64 ± 19; Horn’s Index Score 3&4: 65 ± 15 | Toxin assay | Low | No matching; no regression | St Luke’s Episcopal Hospital |
4 | Bajaj 2010 [30] | National | National: 2005 Tertiary: 2002–2006 | Both | Cirrhosis | 83,230 | 1165 | CDI: 69 ± 20; Cirrhosis-CDI: 61 ± 15 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
5 | Campbell 2013 [31] | National | 2005–2011 | Comp. | General | NR | 4521 | Renal impairment 72.9 ± 13.4; Advanced Age: 78.7 ± 7.4; Cancer/BMT 69.2 ± 14.0; IBD 61.2 ± 18.3; Cabx exposure 61.2 ± 14.8 | Toxin assay | High | Matching; regression | Health Facts electronic health record (HER) database |
6 | Damle 2014 [14] | National | 2008–2012 | Comp. | Colorectal surgery | 84,648 | 1266 | >18 63 ± 17 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | University Health System Consortium database |
7 | Dubberke 2008 [33] | Missouri | 2003–2003 | Both | Non- Surgical | 24,691 | 439 | 67(18–101) a | Toxin assay | High | Matching; regression | Barnes-Jewish Hospital Electronic record |
8 | Missouri | 2003–2009 | Both | Recurrent CDI | 3958 | 421 | >18 | Toxin assay or clinical diagnosis for recurrent CDI | High | Matching; regression | Barnes-Jewish Hospital Electronic record | |
9 | Egorova 2015 [35] | National | 2000–2011 | Comp. | Vascular surgery | NR | 2808 | 68.4 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | High | Matching: regression | NIS |
10 | Flagg 2014 [36] | National | 2004–2008 | Comp. | Cardiac surgery | 349,112 | 2581 | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | High | Matching: regression | NIS |
11 | Fuller 2009 [37] | Maryland and California | 2007–2008 for Maryland 2005–2006 for California | Comp. | General | 3760 | 3760 | – | Clinical diagnosis | Medium | No matching; regression | Health Services and Cost Review Commission, Maryland; The Office of State-wide Planning and Development, California |
12 | Glance 2011 [38] | National | 2005–2006 | Comp. | Trauma | 149,648 | 768 | 69(45–82) a | Clinical diagnosis | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
13 | Jiang 2013 [39] | Rhode Islands | 2010–2011 | Comp. | General | 225,999 | 6053 | >18 71.4 ± 15.8 | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | Medium | Matching; no regression | Rhode Island’s 11 acute-care hospitals |
14 | Kim 2012 [40] | National | 2001–2008 | Comp. | Cystectomy | 10,856 | 153 | >18 68.49 ± 10.52 | ICD-9 ; 008.45 (SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
15 | Kuntz 2012 [41] | Colorado | 2005–2008 | Comp. | General | 3067 | 3067 | All age band, Outpatient 62.8 ± 19.4; Inpatient 69.9 ± 16.3 | ICD-9 + toxin assay | Medium | No matching; regression | Kaiser Permanente Colorado and Kaiser Permanente Northwest members |
16 | Lagu 2014 [42] | Massachusetts, Boston one hospital | 2004–2010 | Comp. | Sepsis | 218,915 | 2348 | 70.9 ± 15.1 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) + toxin assay | Medium | Matching; no regression | Baystate Medical Center (Premier Healthcare Informatics database, a voluntary, fee-supported database) |
17 | Lameire 2015 | National | 2002–2009 | Comp. | Cardiac surgery | 512,217 | 421,294 | >40 CABG 65.4 ± 10.5 VS 66.1 ± 12.3 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
18 | Lawrence 2007 [44] | Missouri | 1997–1999 | Both | ICU | 1872 | 76 | Primary 68.9 (34–93) Secondary 58.7 (16–91) | Toxin assay | Medium | No matching; regression | A 19-bed medical ICU in a Midwestern tertiary care referral center. |
19 | Lesperance 2011 [45] | National | 2004–2006 | Comp. | Elective colonic resections | 695,010 | 10,077 | >18 All 69.8; Surgery-CDI 68.7 | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
20 | Lipp 2012 [46] | New York | 2007–2008 | Comp. | General | 4,853,800 | 3883 | >17 | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | - The SPARCS database- acute care non-federal hospitals in New York State |
21 | Maltenfort 2013 [47] | National | 2002–2010 | Both | Arthroplasty | NR | NR | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Low | No matching; no regression | NIS |
22 | McGlone 2012 [48] | National | 2008 | Comp. | General | NR | NR | >65 | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | Low | No matching; no regression | Decision tree model |
23 | Nguyen 2008 [49] | National | 1998–2004 | Comp. | IBD | 527,187 | 2372 | 47.4 ± 0.2 | ICD-9; 008.45 (secondary diagnosis) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
24 | Nylund 2011 [50] | National | 1997,2000, 2003,2006 | Both | Children | 10,495,728 | 21,274 | CDI 9.5 ± 0.07(SEM) | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | High | Matching: regression | Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’Inpatient Database |
25 | O’Brien 2007 [51] | Massachusetts | 1999–2003 | Req. | General | 3692 | 1036 | Primary 70 ± 17.6; Secondary 70 ± 17.2 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Low | No matching; no regression | Massachusetts hospital discharge data |
26 | Pakyz 2011 [52] | National | 2002–2007 | Comp. | General | 30,071 | 10,857 | CDI 61 ± 17 | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | High | Matching; regression | University Health System Consorsoum (UHC) |
27 | Pant 2012 [53] | National | 2009 | Both | Organ transplant (OT) | 244,955 | 6451 | >18, OT-CDI 58 ± 16 a; CDI-only 73 ± 22 a | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
28 | Pant 2012 (2) [54] | National | 2009 | Both | Renal disease | 184,139 | 5151 | >18, ESRD + CDI 66 ± 14 CDI ONLY 70 ± 17 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
29 | Pant 2013 [55] | National | 2009 | Both | Children with IBD | 12,610 | 447 | <20, 15.1 ± 4.1 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Database (HCUP-KID) |
30 | Peery 2012 [56] | National | From 2009 | Req. | General | 110,533 | 110,533 | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD) | Low | No matching; no regression | National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and NIS |
31 | Quimbo 2013 [57] | National | 2005–2010 | Comp. | High Risk subgroups | 21,177 | 26,620 | >18 67.5 ± 17.6 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | High | Matching: regression | HealthCare Integrated Research Database |
32 | Reed 2008 | Pennsylvania | 2002–2006 | Comp. | High Risk subgroups | 9164 | 524 | >17 | Hospital acquired CDAD | Low | No matching; no regression | A large academic community hospital |
33 | Sammons 2013 [59] | National | 2006–2011 | Both | Children | 13,295 | 4447 | 1–18 6 (2–13) a | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) + toxin assay | High | Matching; regression | Free-standing children’s hospitals via the Paediatric Health Information System (PHIS) |
34 | Singal 2014 [60] | National | 2007 | Comp. | Cirrhosis | 89,673 | 1444 | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
35 | Song 2008 [61] | Maryland | 2000–2005 | Both | General | 9025 | 630 | >18 unmatched 57.6 matched 60.3 | Toxin assay | High | Matching; regression | The Johns Hopkins hospital |
36 | Stewart 2011 [62] | National | 2007 | Both | General | 82,214 | 41,207 | All age band, 70 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | Matching; no regression | NIS |
37 | Tabak 2013 [63] | Pennsylvania | 2007–2008 | Comp. | General | 77,257 | 255 | All 64.8 ± 17.6 CDI 71.1 ± 14.8 | Toxin assay | High | Matching; regression | Six Pennsylvania hospitals via a clinical research database |
38 | VerLee 2012 | Michigan | 2002–2008 | Req. | General | 517,413 | 517,413 | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD) | Low | No matching; no regression | All Michigan acute care hospitals |
39 | Wang 2011 [65] | Pennsylvania | 2005–2008 | Both | General | 7,227,788 | 78,273 | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | High | Matching; regression | The Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) database |
40 | Wilson 2013 [66] | National | 2004–2008 | Comp. | Ileostomy | 13,245 | 217 | All age band | ICD-9; 008.45 (SD) | High | Matching; regression | NIS |
41 | Zerey 2007 [67] | National | 1999–2003 | Both | Surgical | 1,553,597 | 8113 | All age band 70 am | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | No matching; regression | NIS |
42 | Zilberberg 2009 [68] | National | 2005 | Both | Prolonged acute mechanical ventilation | 64,910 | 3468 | >18 66.7 ± 15.9 | ICD-9; 008.45 (PD, SD) | Medium | Matching; no regression | NIS |