Table 4 Univariable and multivariable GLMM logistic regression analyses of factors associated with pVL non-detectability among HAART-exposed crack cocaine users in Vancouver, Canada, 2005–2013
Characteristic | Total sample of crack cocaine users (n = 438) | Dual crack cocaine and opioid users (n = 293) |  | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
Ageb | ||||||||
 (per 10-year older) | 5.24 (3.72 – 7.37) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.37 – 2.52) | <0.001 | 5.22 (3.45 – 7.89) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.11 – 2.26) | 0.011 |
Gender | ||||||||
 (male vs. female) | 1.86 (1.10 – 3.15) | 0.020 |  |  | 1.08 (0.59 – 1.97) | 0.804 |  |  |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 (Caucasian vs. other) | 1.31 (0.79 – 2.17) | 0.290 |  |  | 1.38 (0.77 – 2.49) | 0.282 |  |  |
Education | ||||||||
 (<secondary vs. ≥secondary) | 1.03 (0.62 – 1.72) | 0.909 |  |  | 1.39 (0.77 – 2.49) | 0.272 |  |  |
Homelessa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.26 (0.19 – 0.36) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.28 – 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.17 – 0.35) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.25 – 0.56) | <0.001 |
Crack cocaine smokinga,b | ||||||||
 (≥daily vs. <daily) | 0.47 (0.36 – 0.61) | <0.001 |  |  | 0.39 (0.29 – 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.49 – 0.96) | 0.028 |
Heroin usea,b | ||||||||
 (≥daily vs. <daily) | 0.35 (0.23 – 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.36 – 0.98) | 0.042 | 0.32 (0.20 – 0.51) | <0.001 |  |  |
Crystal methamphetamine usea,b | ||||||||
 (≥daily vs. <daily) | 1.09 (0.45 – 2.62) | 0.853 |  |  | 1.15 (0.43 – 3.10) | 0.779 |  |  |
Heavy alcohol usea,b | ||||||||
 (≥5 drinks per day vs. <5 drinks per day) | 0.70 (0.36 – 1.37) | 0.302 |  |  | 0.57 (0.24 – 1.37) | 0.209 |  |  |
Engagement in sex work or drug dealinga,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.58 (0.44 – 0.75) | <0.001 |  |  | 0.58 (0.43 – 0.78) | <0.001 |  |  |
Incarcerationa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.57 (0.38 – 0.86) | 0.008 |  |  | 0.49 (0.31 – 0.78) | 0.002 |  |  |
HIV physician experiencec | ||||||||
(<6 patients vs. ≥6 patients) | 1.15 (0.51 – 2.62) | 0.738 |  |  | 0.84 (0.35 – 2.00) | 0.688 |  |  |
CD4 cell counta,b | ||||||||
 (per 100-cell increase) | 1.93 (1.76 – 2.13) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.52 – 1.83) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.77 – 2.21) | <0.001 | 1.72 (1.54 – 1.91) | <0.001 |
Years since HAART initiationa,b | ||||||||
 (per year increase) | 1.27 (1.21 – 1.34) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.01 – 1.12) | 0.012 | 1.29 (1.22 – 1.37) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.02 – 1.14) | 0.011 |
Regimena,b | ||||||||
 (1 pill per day vs. >3 pills per day) | 3.11 (1.76 – 5.52) | <0.001 | 3.02 (1.67 – 5.46) | <0.001 | 2.84 (1.45 – 5.57) | 0.003 | 2.60 (1.30 – 5.21) | 0.007 |
 (2-3 pills per day vs. >3 pills per day) | 1.70 (1.27 – 2.30) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.91 – 1.69) | 0.179 | 1.60 (1.13 – 2.29) | 0.009 | 1.14 (0.79 – 1.65) | 0.493 |
Participation in inpatient addiction treatmenta,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.67 (0.45 – 1.02) | 0.061 |  |  | 0.58 (0.35 – 0.97) | 0.037 |  |  |
Participation in outpatient detoxification or other outpatient addiction treatmenta,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 1.10 (0.33 – 3.71) | 0.872 |  |  | 1.63 (0.34 – 7.74) | 0.539 |  |  |
Seeing drug counsellors or participation in addiction-related peer support meetingsa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 1.32 (0.90 – 1.94) | 0.158 |  |  | 1.16 (0.73 – 1.84) | 0.532 |  |  |
Participation in opioid substitution therapiesa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | ––– |  | ––– |  | 2.28 (1.58 – 3.30) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.02 – 2.34) | 0.039 |