Table 3 Univariable and multivariable GLMM logistic regression analyses of factors associated with optimal pharmacy refill adherence for antiretroviral medications among HAART-exposed crack cocaine users in Vancouver, Canada, 2005–2013
Characteristic | Total sample of crack cocaine users (n = 438) | Dual crack cocaine and opioid users (n = 293) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
Ageb | ||||||||
 (per 10-year older) | 2.29 (1.84 – 2.86) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.33 – 2.04) | <0.001 | 2.75 (2.06 – 3.68) | <0.001 | 1.72 (1.30 – 2.26) | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||||||
 (male vs. female) | 1.50 (1.02 – 2.20) | 0.041 |  |  | 1.10 (0.68 – 1.79) | 0.696 |  |  |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 (Caucasian vs. other) | 1.61 (1.12 – 2.32) | 0.011 |  |  | 1.40 (0.87 – 2.24) | 0.167 |  |  |
Education | ||||||||
 (<secondary vs. ≥secondary) | 0.83 (0.57 – 1.20) | 0.327 |  |  | 0.98 (0.61 – 1.58) | 0.943 |  |  |
Homelessa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.44 (0.34 – 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.44 – 0.77) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.28 – 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.40 – 0.79) | <0.001 |
Crack cocaine smokinga,b | ||||||||
 (≥daily vs. <daily) | 0.49 (0.39 – 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.50 – 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.31 – 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.43 – 0.75) | <0.001 |
Heroin usea,b | ||||||||
 (≥daily vs. <daily) | 0.32 (0.22 – 0.47) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.29 – 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.20 – 0.46) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.29 – 0.70) | <0.001 |
Crystal methamphetamine usea,b | ||||||||
 (≥daily vs. <daily) | 1.07 (0.50 – 2.30) | 0.858 |  |  | 0.79 (0.32 – 1.94) | 0.609 |  |  |
Heavy alcohol usea,b | ||||||||
 (≥5 drinks per day vs. <5 drinks per day) | 1.17 (0.65 – 2.10) | 0.596 |  |  | 1.37 (0.60 – 3.10) | 0.452 |  |  |
Engagement in sex work or drug dealinga,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.59 (0.47 – 0.76) | <0.001 |  |  | 0.54 (0.41 – 0.71) | <0.001 |  |  |
Incarcerationa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.71 (0.49 – 1.02) | 0.063 |  |  | 0.63 (0.41 – 0.96) | 0.031 |  |  |
HIV physician experiencec | ||||||||
 (<6 patients vs. ≥6 patients) | 0.74 (0.40 – 1.35) | 0.322 |  |  | 0.60 (0.29 – 1.24) | 0.169 |  |  |
CD4 cell counta,b | ||||||||
 (per 100-cell increase) | 1.39 (1.30 – 1.48) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.23 – 1.41) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.32 – 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.23 – 1.45) | <0.001 |
Years since HAART initiationa,b | ||||||||
 (per year increase) | 1.08 (1.04 – 1.12) | <0.001 |  |  | 1.11 (1.06 – 1.16) | <0.001 |  |  |
Regimena,b | ||||||||
 (1 pill per day vs. >3 pills per day) | 1.23 (0.80 – 1.90) | 0.339 |  |  | 1.29 (0.76 – 2.19) | 0.347 |  |  |
 (2-3 pills per day vs. >3 pills per day) | 1.01 (0.79 – 1.30) | 0.920 |  |  | 1.07 (0.78 – 1.48) | 0.659 |  |  |
Participation in inpatient addiction treatmenta,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.82 (0.57 – 1.18) | 0.294 |  |  | 0.84 (0.54 – 1.32) | 0.454 |  |  |
Participation in outpatient detoxification or other outpatient addiction treatmenta,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 0.65 (0.20 – 2.09) | 0.472 |  |  | 0.43 (0.09 – 2.02) | 0.284 |  |  |
Seeing drug counsellors or participation in addiction-related peer support meetingsa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | 1.06 (0.76 – 1.48) | 0.730 |  |  | 0.84 (0.55 – 1.28) | 0.424 |  |  |
Participation in opioid substitution therapiesa,b | ||||||||
 (yes vs. no) | ––– |  | ––– |  | 1.71 (1.23 – 2.38) | 0.001 | 1.39 (0.99 – 1.96) | 0.056 |